– 18 –If that‘s the case, we would first have to abolish Luther. He wrote amuch worse pamphlet against the Jews. And all he ultimately wantedwas for the Jews to see the light and be<strong>com</strong>e Christians.Something people forget is that Wagner‘s pamphlet was written wellbefore the Holocaust. Later on, people simply drew their conclusionsand blamed Wagner for paving the way to the Holocaust. As Germans wehave a p<strong>art</strong>icular problem with this issue – justifiably so. But I thinkthat‘s where it ends. I have the feeling that the more ingenious a figureis, the easier it is for his opponents to abuse him. Over time I havegrown less sympathetic towards Wagner and his family and private life.But my fascination with this musical <strong>art</strong>ist‘s vision has remained withme. All of this, of course, is also due to the vanity that led him to writedown all his thoughts. If I were to write down all of the things thathave crossed my mind, I‘d have been toast long ago.I‘ve always been of the opinion that envy and resentment were the realforces behind that pamphlet. A matter of rivalry between colleagues –against people who, in his opinion, had always had all the advantages:better teachers, better connections. You can‘t blame them for that. Butif you‘re just some poor sod with no good teachers and no good connections,if you have to beg wherever you go, but you know that actuallyyou‘re at least as good as Meyerbeer or Mendelssohn, in fact even better,but that doesn‘t help ... When you see that your colleagues havesuccess, money, resources, and all you can do is stand by and watch...Is that something you‘re familiar with?To be quite honest: yes. I‘m an <strong>art</strong>ist; I know how terrible that can be.I‘ve had my own resentments which were <strong>com</strong>pletely unfounded. Thesuccess of an <strong>art</strong>ist is, for other <strong>art</strong>ists who have no success, a lack ofrespect. An intervention in their private lives. He‘s successful, whyaren‘t I? I‘m just as good. I‘m even better. And I believe that hasn‘tbeen taken sufficiently into consideration. We fail to take human weaknessinto sufficient account.But that doesn‘t excuse anything.There‘s no need to excuse it. It was just as wrong then as it is today.But I have to have an awareness of history. I can‘t judge a person forsomething I can‘t understand. How long have we had our democracy?For sixty-five years. Before that, ap<strong>art</strong> from the brief period of the WeimarRepublic, we had only monarchy and dictatorship. Who do we thinkwe are to make judgements?Doesn‘t that attitude towards Wagner also have something to dowith the tendency to pull every genius off his pedestal?Nowadays people seem to have difficulties accepting it when someonehas outstanding talent. They immediately look for weak points, try todrag them back down to the mediocrity of society.But the real problem lies elsewhere: Most people have no consciousnessof history. They learned too little in school. What happened, for example,in 1848, when Germany had its only important revolution? And howsignificant is it that Wagner took p<strong>art</strong> in those events?You explain it.It shows, in any case, that Wagner was not a <strong>com</strong>plete idiot, if he joinedthe great horde of intellectuals who realized: this has got to stop. Thearistocracy had brought Central Europe to the brink of ruin, and thebourgeoisie produced a few ingenious people such as Georg Büchnerwho could see how devastated Europe was. All of those motives havebeen forgotten, however.That also sheds a different light on Wagner‘s megalomania. He was
writing his works explicitly for a period following a major upheaval.He said: for my <strong>art</strong> to work, everything around it first has to change;the way things are now, it makes no sense.People can sometimes forget the motives that lie behind <strong>art</strong>istic statements.The end of territorial fragmentation, the vision of a single, unitedGermany, all of that is understandable. And since we‘re still veryfoolish today, I don‘t know what we want to blame someone for, justbecause he appears foolish from our present-day point of view, even ifhe wasn‘t by the standards of the time. Just imagine: we were beingruled by a cretin like Ludwig II. That that mentally and morally depravedman was the leader of our nation, even though he was incapable ofgoverning. That he bore the responsibility for the people, for the resources,for a lot of money. It might occur to you that the system was actuallyuntenable. That‘s what was in the air at the time. It had to stop.There‘s a second factor in all of this that we shouldn‘t forget. Wagneras a megalomaniac genius, Wagner as a Jew hater – if you putit like that it all sounds very slick; it‘s wonderfully simple and lendsitself readily to headlines. Can we do justice to history and musicin this way?If we confuse things with one another, then no. And especially not ifyou don‘t know anything about music. But if you understand somethingabout music, and realize that, from the age of twenty-seven onwards,Wagner only wrote intelligent music – indeed the most intelligent musicof the time, which was, after all, a time of many great <strong>com</strong>posers – thenyou can talk about it. But to do that you have to be able to appreciatehim. If, for example, you‘re of the opinion that Picasso was an idiot,that your children can paint better than he could, then that‘s youropinion, but with that attitude towards culture we are catapulting ourselvesback to the Middle Ages.Sometimes it‘s just hard to accept that things that can‘t be measuredor counted can nonetheless have weight.The problem is that there are too few people willing to truly engagewith these things. People just accept the explanations they are given.But first of all you have to ask yourself: what is anti-Semitism actually,and how can we differentiate it? How did we arrive at this historicalconsensus that the Jews in Central Europe were always the scapegoats?That‘s stupid and incorrect, we know that. And for that very reason I‘dlike to see a better response, instead of everybody just turning on Wagnerand blaming him for that evil. I find that a bit too simplistic. Andthen we have to ask ourselves: Do we want to be political, historicallyconscious people, or do we just want to give credence to our own prejudicesin a p<strong>art</strong>icular way, as it suits our needs at a given time, now inone direction and now in another?How did you be<strong>com</strong>e involved with the subject of Wagner?I read the biography of Wagner by M<strong>art</strong>in Gregor-Dellin when I wasthirty; that‘s where it st<strong>art</strong>ed. I‘m no stranger to music; I consider myselfa dilettante with a highly developed interest.What I find so interesting about Wagner is the entanglement and interweavingof <strong>com</strong>munication and graphic information. That‘s the sameway Hollywood also uses music. There‘s the famous scene in ApocalypseNow by Francis Ford Coppola, where the helicopters attack a Vietnamesevillage with the Ride of the Valkyries playing in the background. One ofthe greatest scenes in movie history and a good example of how dramaturgyfunctions in Wagner. As a visual <strong>art</strong>ist, I also find it very interestinghow, ideally, Wagner‘s music functions with modern conceptsof imagery. As the accentuation of a p<strong>art</strong>icular emotion. As a constantvariation on emotions. As if someone had said: the image on its own– 19 –
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