c - IARIA Journals

International Journal on Advances in Systems and Measurements, vol 5 no 3 & 4, year 2012, http://www.iariajournals.org/systems_and_measurements/
Figure 9 shows the EM images for the controlled and walkthrough
tests using the handgun sample #3. The results from the
walk-through test have been expanded along the horizontal axis
compared to Figure 8b to aid comparison. Comparison of the
plots shows that although the controlled and walk-through tests
did not give identical results, the general form of the EM
signatures was roughly similar. Thus, using appropriate analysis
techniques it can be ascertained that the signatures are from
similar, if not the same object.
C. Measurement Stability
In this subsection, system stability is checked by examining
the repeatability of the experimental tests using a simple
amplitude calculation. The overall amplitude change for each EM
signal is plotted for five repetitions of the test for all handgun
samples. The overall amplitude change is computed by
subtracting the maximum from the minimum value of each EM
signal received. The results are plotted in Figure 10 for both the
controlled and walk-through test. It can be seen from Figure 10a
that, the controlled test has the greatest repeatability. As well as
the data trend is similar for the walk-through test as showed in
Figure 10b.
Amplitude
Amplitude
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
REPEATABILITY - CONTROLLED TEST
Rep 1
Rep 2
Rep 3
Rep 4
Rep 5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Sample number
REPEATABILITY - WALK-THRU,
a)
FULL ARRAY
0.01
1 2 3 4 5 6
Sample number
b)
Rep 1
Rep 2
Rep 3
Rep 4
Rep 5
Figure 10. Overall amplitude change for (a) Controlled test, (b) Walk-through
test.
IV. FEATURE EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES
2012, © Copyright by authors, Published under agreement with IARIA - www.iaria.org
94
Features were extracted from two different techniques (FT
and WT). A brief background of FT and WT will be provided,
with the motivation behind their use. In addition to detailed the
feature extractions algorithm.
A. Fourier Transform (FT)
The Fourier series provides an alternative way to represent
data; instead of representing the signal amplitude as a function
of time, we represent the signal by how much information is
contained at different frequencies. Fourier analysis is important
in data acquisition as it allows one to isolate certain frequency
ranges. The bridge between time and frequency representation is
the FT. The signal can be decomposed as a weighted sum of
sinusoid functions. This provides a feasible way of computing
the power spectrum for a signal. Fast FT (FFT) is a fast
algorithm of the discrete FT that represents the signals in the
frequency domain. The power spectrum serves as the fingerprint
of the analysed signal [16]. The absolute value will provide the
total amount of information contained at a given frequency [27],
and the square of the absolute value is considered the power of
the signal. In this work the power spectrum (PS) of FFT for each
EM image using the outcomes from the control test were utilised
as a feature; each sample gave different PS, as shown in Figure
11.
The PS results will be (n*m), so to reduce the data size
before applied to the classifier, Principle component analysis
(PCA) techniques [28] was applied and first three PCA
components were selected as it represent a 99.6% of the data
variance. Figure 12 shows the behaviour of the PCA feature
vectors extracted from the FFT process. The test was done using
the six handguns with the different other not-threat objects. It is
clear from the figure that the handgun #4 gives very low
response because it consists of plastic material as well as the
mobile phone object gives high response because it is full
charged. Figure 13 shows the flowchart of the gun classification
procedure using FFT features.
B. Wavelet Transform (WT)
In contrast to FFT, Wavelet analysis is useful in
decomposing a time series into time-frequency space
simultaneously. The analysis provides information about both
the amplitude of any "periodic" signals within the series, and
how this amplitude varies with time. WT can be considered as
an extension of the classic FFT except that it operates on a
multi-resolution basis. This multi-resolution property enables a
signal to be decomposed into a number of different resolutions.
Each resolution represents a particular coarseness of the signal.
Preservation of spatial information is another property of WT
after transformation. This enables the identification of areas in
the original signal that correspond to particular characteristics
present in the WT data [29].