Catalysis : an Integrated Approach to Homogeneous ...

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5 -HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 177 20 ' I I I I 280 'C 200 240 Fig. 5.6. Above: Activity in benzene hydrogenation, as YO of conversion at 100°C per m2 total surface area of unsupported alloys, as a function % Cu in Ni. Below: Conversion with a standard amount catalyst as a function of temperature. (1) pure Ni; (2) 10% Cu-Ni alloy; (3) thermodynamic limit at reaction conditions (for other details see [l]). of ethene is most likely a di-o-bonded ethene or a ncomplexed ethene (see Chapter 4). The role of the various dissociatively adsorbed forms is still a matter of discussion. Some authors suggest that these forms mediate hydrogenation: accepting coadsorbed hydrogen and passing it to the olefin or acetylenic molecules adsorbed on the top of the firmly adsorbed layer [66,67]. However, this is most likely not the prevailing mechanism 1681. The first order reaction in hydrogen could also be explained by the so-called Rideal mechanism: a reaction of H2 molecules upon collision with the reactive adsorbed ethene species. However, experiments with Au-plated Pd tubes have shown that H2 has to be adsorbed as atoms before it can react [69]. The order in activity of various metals (with well defined surfaces) in hydrogenation of ethene was first established by Beeck et al. [70] and the data (see
178 5 - HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS v r w IL 0 cn 0 a IL 0 I35 - I35 - 105- c 75 a W I - 45 - I -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0 I LOG k ( HYDROGENATION OF C2H4) Fig. 5.7. Catalytic activity of metals as a function of heat of adsorption of ethene and hydrogen, respectively. Fig. 5.7) stimulated a long and ongoing discussion of the problem - what is the relation between the catalytic activity and the electronic structure of metals? It can be concluded that the most active metals are those that show the lowest heats of adsorption, but which extensively adsorb both reaction components (note: metals like Cu, Ag, Zn, etc. do not do so and are much less active than those shown). Metals in the third to sixth group not only adsorb ethene dissociatively, but incontact
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Studies in Surface Science and Cata
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Studies in Surface Science and Cata
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Preface Catalysis is a fascinating
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industrial context of the features
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Contents Preface ..................
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4.3.4 P-Elimination and Deinsertion
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7.4.1 Scope .......................
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12.3 Adsorption Isotherms .........
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List of contributors E.B.M. Doesbur
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Introductory section
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Chapter 1 History of catalysis 1.1
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1 -HISTORY OF CATALYSIS 5 One of th
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1 - HISTORY OF CATALYSIS 7 was disc
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1 -HISTORY OF CATALYSIS exlenaed em
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1 -HISTORY OF CATALYSIS 11 aromatiz
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1 -HISTORY OF CATALYSIS 13 had a gr
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1 - HISTORY OF CATALYSIS 15 The new
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1 -HISTORY OF CATALYSIS 17 1960 law
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1 - HISTORY OF CATALYSIS TABLE 1.2
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1 -HISTORY OF CATALYSIS 21 1900 195
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Chapter 2 Catalytic processes in in
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2 - CATALYTIC PROCESSES IN INDUSTRY
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2 - CATALYTIC PROCESSES IN INDUSTRY
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flue gaa t c t air Vacuum gas ol 2
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2 -CATALYTIC PROCESSES IN INDUSTRY
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2 -CATALYTIC PROCESSES JN INDUSTRY
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Chapter 3 Chemical kinetics of cata
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3 - CHEMICAL KINETICS OF CATALYSED
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3 -CHEMICAL KINETICS OF CATALYSED R
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Fundamental catalysis
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Chapter 4 Bonding and elementary st
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4 -BONDING AND ELEMENTARY STEPS IN
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4 - BONDING AND ELEMENTARY STEPS IN
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6 -HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS WITH TRANS
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6 - HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS WITH TRAN
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6 -HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS WlTH TRANS
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6 -HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS WTH TRANSI
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Applied catalysis
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Chapter 7 Catalytic reaction engine
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7 -CATALYTIC REACTION ENGINEERING 2
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7 - CATALYTIC REACTION ENGINEERING
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7 - CATALYTIC REACTION ENGINEERING
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7 -CATALYTIC REACTION ENGINEERING c
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7 -CATALYTIC REACTION ENGINEERING I
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7 -CATALYTIC REACTION ENGINEERING w
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7 -CATALYTIC REACTION ENGINEERING g
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Ca ta I ys t preparation
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Chapter 8 Preparation of catalyst s
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8 - PREPARATION OF CATALYST SUPPORT
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8 -PREPARATION OF CATALYST SUPPORTS
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Chapter 9 Preparation of supported
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PREPARATION OF SUPPORTED CATALYSTS
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Catalyst characterization
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Chapter 10 Ca ta I yst characteriza
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10 -CATALYST CHARACTERIZATION WITH
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10 - CATALYST CHARACTERIZATION WITH
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I0 -CATALYST CHARACTERJZATION WITH
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Chapter 11 Temperature programmed r
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11 -TEMPERATURE PROGRAMMED REDUCTIO
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11 -TETEMPERATURE PROGRAMMED REDUCT
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Chapter 12 The use of adsorption me
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12 -ADSORPTION METHODS 421 pairs of
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12 -ADSORPTION METHODS 423 of multi
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12 -ADSORPTION METHODS 425 son of t
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12 - ADSORPnON METHODS 427 equation
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12 - ADSOWON METHODS / Fig. 12.4. T
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12 - ADSOFSTION METHODS 431 - a i-
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12 -ADSORPTION METHODS 433 uptake o
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12 - ADSOlU'TION METHODS 435 gives
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12 - ADSOFSTION METHODS 437 condens
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Future trends
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Chapter 13 Future trends The large
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13 - FUTURE TRENDS 443 control of t
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13 -FUTURE TRENDS 445 the conversio
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Subject Index x-Acceptor Iigands, 2
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SUBJECT INDEX 449 - see also Extend
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SUBJECr INDEX 451 Ethane, 143 Ethen
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SUBJECT INDEX 453 Hydrogen peroxide
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SDJJTT INDEX 455 Octane number, 24,
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SUBJECT INDEX 457 RBS, 383 Reaction
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SUBJECT INDEX 459 - see also Ruther
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STUDIES IN SURFACE SCIENCE AND CATA
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Volume 35 Volume 36 Volume 37 Volum
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Volume 70 Volume 71 Volume 72 Volum
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