Catalysis : an Integrated Approach to Homogeneous ...

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2 - CATALYTIC PROCESSES IN INDUSTRY 27 naphta feed- - furnace reactor furnace reactor furnace reactor separator distillation separator The mechanism Fig. 2.2. Catalytic reforming. In catalytic cracking many reactions take place simultaneously. Cracking occurs by C-C bond cleavage of paraffins, dealkylation etc. Isomerization and even condensation reactions also take place. These reactions occur via positiv- ely charged hydrocarbon ions (carbocations). The nature of the carbocations is the subject of debate. For the cracking of paraffinic hydrocarbons it is usually assumed that carbenium ions are the crucial intermediates, which decompose via beta fission into olefins and (smaller) carbenium ions (see Chapter 4, Section 4.4). A typical reaction mechanism for catalytic cracking (and hydrocracking) under the relatively mild conditions used in FCC is shown on page 28. The catalyst causes a ‘classical’ carbenium ion to be formed by acid cata- lyzed activation reactions. The classical carbenium ion is transformed into the key intermediate which can be described as a protonated cyclopropane struc- ture. After some rearrangements cracking occurs. The formation of branched paraffins is very fortunate since branched paraffins have high octane numbers and the isobutane produced can be used in alkylation. The preferred products are those of which the formation proceeds via tertiary carbenium ions. Carbe- nium ions can also be generated by intermolecular hydride transfer reactions between alkane and carbenium ions that are not able to form tertiary carbenium ions (see Chapter 4, Section 4.4). Under more severe conditions lower paraffins can also be cracked. +:I:
28 2 - CATALYTIC PROCESSES IN INDUSTRY Process description H3C - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 1 1 Initiation Classical carbenium ion Protonated cyclopropane lsomerization Hydride shift Cracking Extensive coke deposition takes place during catalytic cracking, resulting in loss of activity. Typically, the catalyst loses 90% of its activity within one second. An elegant solution has been found for this problem. The clue to this solution is a combination of a reactor in which cracking takes place with a reactor used for regeneration of the catalyst by burning the deposited coke. In this set-up coke is
Page 2 and 3: Studies in Surface Science and Cata
Page 4 and 5: Studies in Surface Science and Cata
Page 6 and 7: Preface Catalysis is a fascinating
Page 8 and 9: industrial context of the features
Page 10 and 11: Contents Preface ..................
Page 12 and 13: 4.3.4 P-Elimination and Deinsertion
Page 14 and 15: 7.4.1 Scope .......................
Page 16 and 17: 12.3 Adsorption Isotherms .........
Page 18 and 19: List of contributors E.B.M. Doesbur
Page 20 and 21: Introductory section
Page 22 and 23: Chapter 1 History of catalysis 1.1
Page 24 and 25: 1 -HISTORY OF CATALYSIS 5 One of th
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Page 30 and 31: 1 -HISTORY OF CATALYSIS 11 aromatiz
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Page 34 and 35: 1 - HISTORY OF CATALYSIS 15 The new
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Page 38 and 39: 1 - HISTORY OF CATALYSIS TABLE 1.2
Page 40 and 41: 1 -HISTORY OF CATALYSIS 21 1900 195
Page 42 and 43: Chapter 2 Catalytic processes in in
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Page 88 and 89: Chapter 3 Chemical kinetics of cata
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3 -CHEMICAL KINETICS OF CATALYSED R
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Fundamental catalysis
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Chapter 4 Bonding and elementary st
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4 -BONDING AND ELEMENTARY STEPS IN
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Chapter 5 Heterogeneous catalysis 5
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5 -HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 161 a. _
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5 -HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 163 appr
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5 -HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 165 In r
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5 - HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 167 lit
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5 - HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 169 An
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5 -HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 171 A ma
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5 - HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 173 2 L
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5 - HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 175 (3)
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5 -HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 177 20 '
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5 -HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 179 with
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5 - HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 181 In
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5 -HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 183 Info
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5 -HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 185 0 20
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5 - HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 187 TAB
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5 -HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 189 i)U
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5 -HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 600 560
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5 -HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 193 b H
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Chapter 6 Homogeneous catalysis wit
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6 -HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS WlTH TRANS
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6 - HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS WlTH TRAN
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6 -HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS WITH TRANS
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6 - HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS WITH TRAN
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6 -HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS WTH TRANSI
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Applied catalysis
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Chapter 7 Catalytic reaction engine
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7 -CATALYTIC REACTION ENGINEERING 2
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Ca ta I ys t preparation
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Chapter 8 Preparation of catalyst s
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8 - PREPARATION OF CATALYST SUPPORT
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8 -PREPARATION OF CATALYST SUPPORTS
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Chapter 9 Preparation of supported
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PREPARATION OF SUPPORTED CATALYSTS
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Catalyst characterization
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Chapter 10 Ca ta I yst characteriza
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10 -CATALYST CHARACTERIZATION WITH
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Chapter 11 Temperature programmed r
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11 -TEMPERATURE PROGRAMMED REDUCTIO
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Chapter 12 The use of adsorption me
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12 -ADSORPTION METHODS 421 pairs of
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12 -ADSORPTION METHODS 423 of multi
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12 -ADSORPTION METHODS 425 son of t
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12 - ADSORPnON METHODS 427 equation
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12 - ADSOWON METHODS / Fig. 12.4. T
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12 - ADSOFSTION METHODS 431 - a i-
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12 -ADSORPTION METHODS 433 uptake o
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12 - ADSOlU'TION METHODS 435 gives
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12 - ADSOFSTION METHODS 437 condens
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Future trends
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Chapter 13 Future trends The large
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13 - FUTURE TRENDS 443 control of t
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13 -FUTURE TRENDS 445 the conversio
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Subject Index x-Acceptor Iigands, 2
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SUBJECT INDEX 449 - see also Extend
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SUBJECr INDEX 451 Ethane, 143 Ethen
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SUBJECT INDEX 453 Hydrogen peroxide
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SDJJTT INDEX 455 Octane number, 24,
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SUBJECT INDEX 457 RBS, 383 Reaction
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SUBJECT INDEX 459 - see also Ruther
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STUDIES IN SURFACE SCIENCE AND CATA
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Volume 35 Volume 36 Volume 37 Volum
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Volume 70 Volume 71 Volume 72 Volum
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