Flowerless plants; ferns, mushrooms, mosses, lichens, and seaweeds

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FERNS inches high bear fruit clusters. There are others that are five or six times as large. The name of rattlesnake fern was probably given to this plant because of a likeness which was thought to exist between the spikes of fruit and the rattle of the snake. It is sometimes called the grape fern, because its clusters of spore cases look like bunches of grapes. THE EBONY SPLEENWORT The fern whose picture you see on the opposite page belongs to a large family called "spleenwort." A great many members of this family live in the United States. We shall read about one only, the ebony spleenwort. The home of this fern may be the woods, the fields, or the roadside; but in a stony soil, for it is a true rock lover. Notice in the picture how it grows. The rootstock is small and the leaves grow in tufts. See how differ- ent the fronds are. The short ones that spread out close to the ground have no spores. Their leaflets are close together. The fronds that bear the spores are much longer and their leaflets are farther apart. They generally spring up from the center and stand erect. This helps them to scatter their spores to a greater distance. You can see spores on two of the fronds. They al- 36
THE EBONY SPLEENWORT ways grow in double rows on each leaflet, some distance from the edge. When young they have a white covering, which soon withers away. Then the spore cases spread out and cover most of the un- der side of the frond. The ebony spleenwort takes its name from its dark, shin- ing stem. It is sometimes called the screw fern. This is because the sporebearing leaflets grow upon the stem in such a way that they look like the threads on a screw. You cannot see this very well in the picture. It may be easily noticed in a growing plant. The Ebony Spleenwort. This fern is found in the United States as far westward as Colorado. The plant from which the picture was made came from the fields of Long Island. 37
Page 1: California gionai nlity f e/vrtd 9x
Page 6: Digitized by the Internet Archive i
Page 9 and 10: Flowerless Plants Ferns, Mushrooms,
Page 11 and 12: PREFACE The purpose of this book is
Page 13 and 14: CONTENTS PAGE Nature's Teachings 9
Page 15 and 16: NATURE'S TEACHINGS Longfellow tells
Page 17 and 18: NATURE'S TEACHINGS the light and se
Page 19 and 20: FERNS PARTS OF A FERN Let us first
Page 21 and 22: HOW FERNS GROW says to the root: "
Page 23 and 24: ing. When the spores within are nea
Page 25 and 26: OTHER WAYS TO START NEW FERNS come
Page 27 and 28: OTHER WAYS TO START NEW FERNS Let u
Page 29 and 30: FERNS IN SPRING In the woods, we se
Page 31 and 32: THROUGH THE YEAR WITH THE FERNS Oh,
Page 33 and 34: THROUGH THE YEAR WITH THE FERNS pet
Page 35 and 36: THE MARSH FERN You see that they ha
Page 37 and 38: THE BRACKEN The picture shows you a
Page 39 and 40: THE RATTLESNAKE FERN them from mild
Page 41: THE RATTLESNAKE FERN this is divide
Page 45: Maidenhair Fern.
Page 48 and 49: FERNS cause the fine, black, wiry r
Page 50 and 51: FERNS fern cannot get ahead of the
Page 52 and 53: FERNS of Osmund. It is crisp and te
Page 54 and 55: FERNS THE SENSITIVE FERN August is
Page 57 and 58: THE SENSITIVE FERN green fronds are
Page 59 and 60: SPINULOSE WOOD FERN were to look at
Page 61 and 62: leaves keep their freshness and col
Page 63 and 64: " The Woodsia fern that scorns to d
Page 65 and 66: THE EVERGREEN WOOD FERX THE EVERGRE
Page 67 and 68: FERNS IN" STONE AND COAL many fern
Page 69 and 70: FERNS IN STONE AND COAL Useless? Lo
Page 71 and 72: MUSHROOMS up in clusters or circles
Page 73 and 74: PARTS OF A MUSHROOM and puts black
Page 75 and 76: PARTS OF A MUSHROOM that on the und
Page 77 and 78: HOW MUSHROOMS GROW decaying vegetab
Page 79 and 80: THE COMMON MEADOW MUSHROOM as these
Page 81 and 82: THE FAIRY-RING MUSHROOM THE FAIRY-R
Page 83 and 84: THE FAIRY-RING MUSHROOM Another sto
Page 85: The Edible Boletus.
Page 88 and 89: MUSHROOMS gray. When the spores beg
Page 90 and 91: THE AMANITA FAMILY The picture on t
Page 93 and 94:
MUSHROOMS tells of taking a large b
Page 95 and 96:
TREE MUSHROOMS and have little or n
Page 97 and 98:
TREE MUSHROOMS These are only a few
Page 99 and 100:
PUFFBALLS yellow, and then to a gre
Page 101 and 102:
THE CORAL FUNGI clustered ; some ar
Page 103 and 104:
MOSSES It seems as if nature filled
Page 105 and 106:
MOSSES By holding this moisture unt
Page 107 and 108:
THE PARTS OF THE MOSS PLANT that so
Page 109 and 110:
THE PARTS OF THE MOSS PLANT the sta
Page 111 and 112:
PEAT MOSS the spores are fully ripe
Page 113 and 114:
PEAT MOSS The leaves have no midrib
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HAIR-CAP MOSSES is peculiar: Every
Page 117 and 118:
HYPNUM MOSSES color. This capsule i
Page 119 and 120:
HYPNUM MOSSES A hypnum that is easi
Page 121 and 122:
WATER MOSSES shaded swamps, and alo
Page 123 and 124:
WATER MOSSES plunge downward. This
Page 125 and 126:
OTHER COMMON MOSSES the same locali
Page 127 and 128:
OTHER COMMON MOSSES The wavy Dicran
Page 129 and 130:
OTHER COMMON MOSSES a small tree mo
Page 131 and 132:
LICHENS Lichens ! What are they? Yo
Page 133 and 134:
LICHENS stead, the whole surface of
Page 135 and 136:
REINDEER MOSS REINDEER MOSS The rei
Page 137 and 138:
ICELAND MOSS northern parts of the
Page 139 and 140:
LICHENS AS DYESTUFFS quantities on
Page 141 and 142:
A FEW COMMON LICHENS Probably this
Page 143 and 144:
A FEW COMMON LICHENS every rock wit
Page 145 and 146:
133 o -a H
Page 147 and 148:
ULVA Seaweeds give homes and food t
Page 149 and 150:
FUCUS OR ROCKWEED the fucus vesicul
Page 151 and 152:
SARGASSUM, OK GULFWEED leaves, and
Page 153 and 154:
EDIBLE SEAWEEDS " When descends on
Page 155 and 156:
EDIBLE SEAWEEDS Isles it is a commo
Page 157 and 158:
SEA TANGLE There is another order o
Page 159 and 160:
147 - -" 3 55 60 >
Page 161 and 162:
SEA FLOWERS soft and densely tufted
Page 164 and 165:
Unwerslty of CaWornto clUTY SOUTHER
Page 166:
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