Flowerless plants; ferns, mushrooms, mosses, lichens, and seaweeds

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MUSHROOMS us large and strong. They have no leaf green, so they must feed on material which has been made by green plants. People who have studied fungi have placed them in three classes. The first is a cobwebby plant, and in- cludes the bread mold, the potato rot, and the fungus which grows on fishes and makes them die. First we see fine white threads The Bread Mold. 1, Fine Threads that form the Plant; 2, Spore Cases. Spores in Sacs. Spores on Little Stalks Standing in Large Cells. 1, Spore Cases; 2, Stalks on which Spore Cases Grow; 3, Cell out of which the Stalks Grow. which form the plant. Later there are spore cases holding tiny black spores. As their number increases, they form a disagreeable black mass which destroys the life of that upon which it lives. The second class form spores in delicate sacs. Among these is the yeast plant by which our bread is raised. The fungus which makes the peach leaves curl, 64
PARTS OF A MUSHROOM and puts black knots on cherry and plum trees, is of this kind. In the third class are all the fungi which bear their spores on little stalks standing up in large cells. This class contains most of the mushrooms that we find in the woods and fields. It is about these that we are going to read. When you pick them you call them toadstools. When they are cooked and given us to eat we speak of them as mushrooms. Yet they may be exactly the same. PARTS OF A MUSHROOM Many mushrooms look like parasols or umbrellas. The handle is the stem, or stipe. The open top is the cap, or pileus. The cap is the first part to be noticed. It is often very bright-colored. The size of the cap varies from an eighth of an inch to sixteen inches or more across. The outside may be smooth, or it may be covered with little scales. Sometimes it shines like satin. Notice how the caps of the small mushrooms on this page differ in shape. The cap is held in place by the stem which grows up out of the ground, or out from a tree or stump. Some- times this stipe is joined to the cap in the middle; often it is at the side. Frequently there is no stem. In this case the cap grows squarelv against the surface of a tree 65
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California gionai nlity f e/vrtd 9x
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Digitized by the Internet Archive i
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Flowerless Plants Ferns, Mushrooms,
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PREFACE The purpose of this book is
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CONTENTS PAGE Nature's Teachings 9
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NATURE'S TEACHINGS Longfellow tells
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NATURE'S TEACHINGS the light and se
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FERNS PARTS OF A FERN Let us first
Page 21 and 22: HOW FERNS GROW says to the root: "
Page 23 and 24: ing. When the spores within are nea
Page 25 and 26: OTHER WAYS TO START NEW FERNS come
Page 27 and 28: OTHER WAYS TO START NEW FERNS Let u
Page 29 and 30: FERNS IN SPRING In the woods, we se
Page 31 and 32: THROUGH THE YEAR WITH THE FERNS Oh,
Page 33 and 34: THROUGH THE YEAR WITH THE FERNS pet
Page 35 and 36: THE MARSH FERN You see that they ha
Page 37 and 38: THE BRACKEN The picture shows you a
Page 39 and 40: THE RATTLESNAKE FERN them from mild
Page 41 and 42: THE RATTLESNAKE FERN this is divide
Page 43 and 44: THE EBONY SPLEENWORT ways grow in d
Page 45: Maidenhair Fern.
Page 48 and 49: FERNS cause the fine, black, wiry r
Page 50 and 51: FERNS fern cannot get ahead of the
Page 52 and 53: FERNS of Osmund. It is crisp and te
Page 54 and 55: FERNS THE SENSITIVE FERN August is
Page 57 and 58: THE SENSITIVE FERN green fronds are
Page 59 and 60: SPINULOSE WOOD FERN were to look at
Page 61 and 62: leaves keep their freshness and col
Page 63 and 64: " The Woodsia fern that scorns to d
Page 65 and 66: THE EVERGREEN WOOD FERX THE EVERGRE
Page 67 and 68: FERNS IN" STONE AND COAL many fern
Page 69 and 70: FERNS IN STONE AND COAL Useless? Lo
Page 71: MUSHROOMS up in clusters or circles
Page 75 and 76: PARTS OF A MUSHROOM that on the und
Page 77 and 78: HOW MUSHROOMS GROW decaying vegetab
Page 79 and 80: THE COMMON MEADOW MUSHROOM as these
Page 81 and 82: THE FAIRY-RING MUSHROOM THE FAIRY-R
Page 83 and 84: THE FAIRY-RING MUSHROOM Another sto
Page 85: The Edible Boletus.
Page 88 and 89: MUSHROOMS gray. When the spores beg
Page 90 and 91: THE AMANITA FAMILY The picture on t
Page 93 and 94: MUSHROOMS tells of taking a large b
Page 95 and 96: TREE MUSHROOMS and have little or n
Page 97 and 98: TREE MUSHROOMS These are only a few
Page 99 and 100: PUFFBALLS yellow, and then to a gre
Page 101 and 102: THE CORAL FUNGI clustered ; some ar
Page 103 and 104: MOSSES It seems as if nature filled
Page 105 and 106: MOSSES By holding this moisture unt
Page 107 and 108: THE PARTS OF THE MOSS PLANT that so
Page 109 and 110: THE PARTS OF THE MOSS PLANT the sta
Page 111 and 112: PEAT MOSS the spores are fully ripe
Page 113 and 114: PEAT MOSS The leaves have no midrib
Page 115 and 116: HAIR-CAP MOSSES is peculiar: Every
Page 117 and 118: HYPNUM MOSSES color. This capsule i
Page 119 and 120: HYPNUM MOSSES A hypnum that is easi
Page 121 and 122: WATER MOSSES shaded swamps, and alo
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WATER MOSSES plunge downward. This
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OTHER COMMON MOSSES the same locali
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OTHER COMMON MOSSES The wavy Dicran
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OTHER COMMON MOSSES a small tree mo
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LICHENS Lichens ! What are they? Yo
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LICHENS stead, the whole surface of
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REINDEER MOSS REINDEER MOSS The rei
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ICELAND MOSS northern parts of the
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LICHENS AS DYESTUFFS quantities on
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A FEW COMMON LICHENS Probably this
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A FEW COMMON LICHENS every rock wit
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133 o -a H
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ULVA Seaweeds give homes and food t
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FUCUS OR ROCKWEED the fucus vesicul
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SARGASSUM, OK GULFWEED leaves, and
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EDIBLE SEAWEEDS " When descends on
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EDIBLE SEAWEEDS Isles it is a commo
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SEA TANGLE There is another order o
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147 - -" 3 55 60 >
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SEA FLOWERS soft and densely tufted
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Unwerslty of CaWornto clUTY SOUTHER
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