animal production - CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University ...

per cent energy needs of the body. Cellulose and starch of plants are the main source of carbohydrates and are supplied to
dairy animals in the form of straw, forages or cereal grains. The energy need of animals is mentioned in terms of total
digestible nutrients (TDN) digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME). Energy requirements for growth,
maintenance and milk production are given below as recommended by Indian Council of Agricultural Research
(I.C.A.R.;1985).
Protein: The main function of protein is not to provide energy, but to synthesize tissue protein or milk protein. The major
sources of protein for animals are leguminous crops, oilseed cakes and some agro-industrial by-products. The protein need
of animals is mentioned as digestible crude protein (DCP). Urea is also used as a source of crude protein, but with special
care. The I.C.A.R. Nutritional Panel (1985) has also recommended following DCP requirements for different category of
cattle:
Nutrient requirements per lit. milk production
Fat(%) DCP(g) TDN(g)
3.0 48 275
3.5 51 300
4.0 55 325
4.5 58 350
5.0 62 375
5.5 65 400
6.0 68 425
6.5 72 450
7.0 75 475
7.5 79 500
Note : 2.8 g Ca and 2 g P should be given per kg of milk produced.
Minerals: There are about 20 minerals which are essential for animals. Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Chlorine,
Magnesium, Iron, Copper, Cobalt, Iodine are of special mention, which should be adequately ensured in the ration of the
animals. Of these the requirements of calcium, phosphorus are always high. Calcium is generally more in green fodders
while phosphorus in concentrate feeds. Magnesium is a specific requirement of Jersey animals. Common salt provides
both sodium and chlorine and should always be fed to animals. Mineral mixture is fed to animals to make sure their
required intakes. About 30-60 g mineral mixture is fed daily depending on age and production of the animal.
Composition of the mineral mixture for dairy animals
Sr.No. Ingredient Parts per 100 kg
1. Dicalcium phosphate/ 57.000
Sterilized bone meal
2. Calcium carbonate 10.000
3. Sodium chloride 30.000
4. Magnesium carbonate 2.100
5. Ferrous sulphate 0.250
6. Copper sulphate 0.250
7. Cobalt sulphate 0.050
8. Potassium iodate 0.250
9. Zinc sulphate 0.250
10. Manganese sulphate 0.100
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