Review of Inhalants - ARCHIVES - National Institute on Drug Abuse

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Mr. Joseph P. Nachtman Graduate Research Associate Department <strong>of</strong> Pharmacology, Toxicity Division Ohio State University College <strong>of</strong> Medicine 1645 Neil Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43210 Dr. Richard G. Peterson Associate Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Department <strong>of</strong> Anatomy Indiana University School <strong>of</strong> Medicine 1100 West Michigan Avenue Indianapolis, Indiana 46202 xi Dr. Leon Prockop Pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> Medicine and Chief, Neurology Section College <strong>of</strong> Medicine University <strong>of</strong> South Florida 12901 No. 30th Street Tampa, Florida 33620 Dr. Charles W. Sharp Research Biochemist Biomedical Research Branch Division <strong>of</strong> Research <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug Abuse 11400 Rockville Pike, Room 664 Rockville, Maryland 20852
CONTENTS FOREWORD v PREFACE vii CONTRIBUTORS x INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter 1 Inhalant Abuse: An Overview <strong>of</strong> the Problem Sidney Cohen History CIassification Extent <strong>of</strong> the Problem Why Solvents Are Abused Peer Group Influences Cost Effectiveness Easy Availability Convenient Packaging Mood Elevation The Course <strong>of</strong> the Intoxication The Legal Issue Social Costs Trends Summary SOCIOCULTURAL-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS 13 Chapter 2 Notes on the Epidemiology <strong>of</strong> <strong>Inhalants</strong> 14 Eleanor Carroll Ethnographic Data 14 Domestic Issues and <strong>Inhalants</strong> 16 Epidemiology <strong>of</strong> <strong>Inhalants</strong> 17 Conclusions 21 Appendix Summary <strong>of</strong> Exploratory Study <strong>of</strong> Inhalant Use and Treatment 26 CLINICAL EVALUATION 29 Chapter 3 Clinical Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Psychological Factors 30 Maurice Korman Introduction 30 Psychological Factors Predisposing to Use 31 Personality Factors 31 Familial Disorganization and Pathology 33 Environmental Pressures 34 Mental Status <strong>of</strong> Users 36 Cognitive Difficulties 36 xii 2 2 4 4 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 10
Page 2: Review of<
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGMENT The Research Triangl
Page 8 and 9: PREFACE Inhaling psychotropic subst
Page 10 and 11: Perhaps society can begin to look o
Page 14 and 15: CONTENTS (con.) Danger to Self and
Page 16 and 17: CONTENTS (con.) Acute Toxicity <str
Page 18 and 19: CONTENTS (con.) Chapter 11 Nervous
Page 20: CONTENTS (con.) Areas of</s
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 INHALANT ABUSE: AN OVERVI
Page 25 and 26: A special group of
Page 27 and 28: intoxication. Industrial workers ar
Page 29 and 30: most common complaints noted during
Page 31 and 32: SUMMARY Inhalant abuse, a youthful
Page 34 and 35: SOCIOCULTURAL-EPIDEMlOlOGlCAL ASPEC
Page 36 and 37: use of mind alteri
Page 38 and 39: 2. Another reason is the nature <st
Page 40 and 41: Rates for inhalant use are on about
Page 42 and 43: with Indians, and blacks also are m
Page 44 and 45: Chambers, C., J. Inciardi, H. Siega
Page 46 and 47: Appendix SUMMARY OF EXPLORATORY STU
Page 48: New York Miami Louisville Los Angel
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 3 CLINICAL EVALUATION OF PS
Page 53 and 54: peer ratings of re
Page 55 and 56: The literature generally provides l
Page 57 and 58: MENTAL STATUS OF USERS Cognitive Di
Page 59 and 60: Tinklenberg and Woodrow (1974) cont
Page 61 and 62: Psychotic Organic Brain Syndrome (O
Page 63 and 64:
Beer Marihuana Spray paint Liquor G
Page 65 and 66:
Lachar and his colleagues (in press
Page 67 and 68:
work setting while providing for an
Page 69 and 70:
2. sniffing, unobtrusive or nonreac
Page 71 and 72:
De la Garza, F., I. Mendiola, and S
Page 73 and 74:
Maletzky, B. Assisted covert sensit
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MEDICAL EVALUATION OF INHALANT ABUS
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are not actively avoided. Table 1 s
Page 79 and 80:
TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF CLINICAL SYNDROM
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Aerosols Abuse of
Page 89 and 90:
either peripheral neuropathy or myo
Page 91 and 92:
DATA SUMMARY Table 2 summarizes the
Page 93 and 94:
Ear disease Nose, sinus, throat Fai
Page 95 and 96:
over-the-counter drugs or use <stro
Page 97 and 98:
The patient is asked to stand, to w
Page 99 and 100:
Bass, M. Sudden sniffing death. JAM
Page 101 and 102:
Storms, W. Chlorof
Page 103 and 104:
(Taher et al., 1974), permanent adv
Page 105 and 106:
during the course of</stron
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abuser, particular attention would
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Reinhardt, C., A. Azar, M. Maxfield
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NEUROLOGICAL HISTORY A. Record onse
Page 113 and 114:
NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION (Items to
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VII. FACIAL MOTOR (VOLITIONAL, EMOT
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E. SENSORY: Chart deficits in: Pain
Page 119 and 120:
Chapter 6 INTRODUCTION Daniel Couri
Page 121 and 122:
TABLE 1 OCCURRENCES OF VOLATILE SUB
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Chapter 7 ABUSE OF INHALATION ANEST
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GASES Name Nitrous Oxide Ethylene C
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Generic Name Trade Nitrous Oxide No
Page 129 and 130:
INCIDENCE AND CONTROL OF ANESTHETIC
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Deniker, P., M. Cottereau, H. Lôo,
Page 133 and 134:
Chapter 8 TOXlCOLOGY OF ALCOHOLS, K
Page 135 and 136:
The time course of
Page 137 and 138:
TABLE 1 ACUTE TOXICITY OF ALCOHOLS
Page 139 and 140:
Industrial exposure to ketones occu
Page 141 and 142:
Despite widespread use of</
Page 143 and 144:
It has been shown that methyl ethyl
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Chapter 9 TOXICOLOGY OF ALIPHATIC A
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percent of an oral
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individuality in resistancce to ben
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to intoxicate himself within 1 to 3
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Organ Toxicity Animal. Toxicity stu
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1961). The threshold limit value fo
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imately 3 percent of</stron
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several intermediates to 1,2-dihydr
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n-Hexante n-Hexane (CH 3(CH 2) 4CH
Page 163 and 164:
toxicity. Frommer et al. (1974) not
Page 165 and 166:
gests that death may result in some
Page 167 and 168:
incoordination, prostration, and co
Page 169 and 170:
i.v. the LD 50 was 51 mg/kg Dewey e
Page 171 and 172:
II. Animal and human response to va
Page 173 and 174:
Elkins, H. The chemistry of
Page 175 and 176:
Grant, W. Toxicology of</st
Page 177 and 178:
exposure with mortality and toluene
Page 179 and 180:
Nomiyama, K. Studies on poisoning b
Page 181 and 182:
Reinhardt, C., A. Azar, M. Maxfield
Page 183 and 184:
Tauber, J. Instant benzol death. J
Page 185 and 186:
Chapter 10 PRECLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Page 187 and 188:
TABLE 1 INHALATIONAL TOXlCITY OF FL
Page 189 and 190:
There is no question that methylene
Page 191 and 192:
In the canine heart-lung preparatio
Page 193 and 194:
is used as a solvent in cosmetic an
Page 195 and 196:
mean aortic pressure, and mean pulm
Page 197 and 198:
Pretreatment of ra
Page 199 and 200:
FC 11 FC 12 Compound Carbon tetrach
Page 201 and 202:
National I
Page 203 and 204:
Their toxicity and potential danger
Page 205 and 206:
Zakhari, S., and D. Aviado. Cardiop
Page 207 and 208:
include photophobia, irritation <st
Page 209 and 210:
compound or of ano
Page 211 and 212:
portions of the sc
Page 213 and 214:
chicken, cat, rat, and mouse. The k
Page 215 and 216:
The combined solvents encountered i
Page 217 and 218:
CONCLUDING REMARKS Little is known
Page 219 and 220:
Saida. K, J. Mendell, and H. Weiss.
Page 221 and 222:
Chapter 12 PRECLINICAL BEHAVIORAL T
Page 223 and 224:
The squirrel monkey has been shown
Page 225 and 226:
dependency. It may be possihle to i
Page 227 and 228:
spectrum of solven
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without adverse effects. Threshold
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espiratory arrest at higher concent
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ear problems (Patterson and Bartlet
Page 235 and 236:
Ishikawa and Schmidt (1973) noted t
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statistically significant, it is di
Page 239 and 240:
The very early age at which solvent
Page 241 and 242:
Bushnell P., P. Malof</stro
Page 243 and 244:
Parkhouse, J., J. Henrie, G. Duncan
Page 246 and 247:
SUMMARY 225
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PREVENTION Abuse prevention is inte
Page 250 and 251:
generally, to not using those subst
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drugs. Typical situations o
Page 254 and 255:
to use appropriate controls or comp
Page 256 and 257:
ents and neighbors in recreational
Page 258 and 259:
eyond a week or two. This may be du
Page 260 and 261:
not appear to be too useful as a te
Page 262 and 263:
protocol for exposing an animal to
Page 264 and 265:
BIBLIOGRAPHY 243
Page 266 and 267:
Abdel-Rahman, M., L. Hetland, and D
Page 268 and 269:
Angel, C., H. Bounds, and A. Perry.
Page 270 and 271:
Anonymous. Hepatorenal damage from
Page 272 and 273:
Aono, K., H. Tateishi, and D. Karas
Page 274 and 275:
Azar, A., H. Trochimowicz, J. Terri
Page 276 and 277:
Bateman, M. Functional taxonomy <st
Page 278 and 279:
Berlin, M., J. Gage, and E. Jonnson
Page 280 and 281:
Bonnevie, A. [Letter: Acid hardened
Page 282 and 283:
Buday, M., M. Labant, and G. Soós.
Page 284 and 285:
. Petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity st
Page 286 and 287:
Clearfield, H. Hepatorenal toxicity
Page 288 and 289:
Criteria Document. Criteria for a r
Page 290 and 291:
Deguchi, T. Changes in serum trans
Page 292 and 293:
DiVincenzo, G., F. Yanno, and B. As
Page 294 and 295:
Dürr, M. Pressurized aerosols. A n
Page 296 and 297:
Faure, J., H. Faure, M. Yacoub, R.
Page 298 and 299:
Forni, A., A. Cappellini, E Pacific
Page 300 and 301:
Gellman, V. Glue-sniffing among Win
Page 302 and 303:
Gothe, C., P. Ovrum, and B. Hallen.
Page 304 and 305:
Haraszti, A., and M. Sovari. Fatal
Page 306 and 307:
Herbolsheimer, R., and L. Funk. [Ga
Page 308 and 309:
Huff, J. New evidence on the old pr
Page 310 and 311:
. The interaction of</stron
Page 312 and 313:
Kaminski, M., et al. Some histochem
Page 314 and 315:
. Metabolism, excretion, and toxico
Page 316 and 317:
Konyaeva, A., and F. Vishnevetskii.
Page 318 and 319:
Lafontaine, A., et al. Toxicity <st
Page 320 and 321:
October 24-26, 1973. Conclusions an
Page 322 and 323:
Lovius, B. Letter: Aerosol adhesive
Page 324 and 325:
mation by mass spectrometry. Novemb
Page 326 and 327:
Merry, J. Glue sniffing and heroin
Page 328 and 329:
Mouton, N. [28 cases of</st
Page 330 and 331:
Niazi, S., and W. Chiou. Fluorocarb
Page 332 and 333:
of trichloroethyle
Page 334 and 335:
Patterson, M., and P. Bartlett. Hea
Page 336 and 337:
Posner, H. Biohazards of</s
Page 338 and 339:
Ratney, R., D. Wegman, and H. Elkin
Page 340 and 341:
Rosenberg, P. The effect of
Page 342 and 343:
Sato, Y., and M. Maruyama. Immunolo
Page 344 and 345:
Schmidt, P., I. Ulanova, G. Avilova
Page 346 and 347:
Shepard, R., and J. Rose. Alcohol.
Page 348 and 349:
Sjöberg C. [Hobby activity and dea
Page 350 and 351:
Spierdijk, J., and V. Regjer. Dange
Page 352 and 353:
Strusevich, E., V. Fedianina, O. Sa
Page 354 and 355:
. Cardiovascular effects of
Page 356 and 357:
Tinklenberg, J., and K. Woodrow. Dr
Page 358 and 359:
Trochimowicz, H., A. Azar, J. Terri
Page 360 and 361:
arbital sleeping and zoxazolamine p
Page 362 and 363:
Waizer, P., S. Baez, and L. Orkin.
Page 364 and 365:
Wijekoon, P., N. Sivaramakrishna, a
Page 366 and 367:
Zimmerman, S., K. Groehler, and G.
Page 368 and 369:
4 NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS: THE SEARCH
Page 370 and 371:
27 PROBLEMS OF DRUG DEPENDENCE, 197
Page 372 and 373:
44 MARIJUANA EFFECTS ON THE ENDOCRI
Page 374:
DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 85-533 P
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