Review of Inhalants - ARCHIVES - National Institute on Drug Abuse

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Aviado, D., and M. Belej. Toxicity <strong>of</strong> aerosol propellants on the respiratory and circulatory systems. I. Cardiac arrhythmia in the mouse. Toxicology, 2:31-42, 1974. Aviado, D., and M. Belej. Toxicity <strong>of</strong> aerosol propellants in the respiratory and circulatory systems. V. Ventricular function in the dog. Toxicology, 3:79-86, 1975. Aviado, D., and D. Smith. Toxicity <strong>of</strong> aerosol propellants in the respiratory and circulatory systems. VIII. Respiration and circulation in primates. Toxicology, 3:241-52. 1975. Aviado, D., S. Zakhari, J. Simaan, and A. Ulsamer. Methyl chlor<strong>of</strong>orm and trichloroethylene in the environment. Cleveland. Ohio: C.R.C. Press, 1976, 102 pp. Aviado, D., S. Zakhari, and T. Watanabe. Non-fluorinated propellants and solvents for aerosols. Cleveland, Ohio: C.R.C. Press, 1977, 106 pp. Barrett, H., J. Cunningham, and J. Johnston. A study <strong>of</strong> the fate in the organism <strong>of</strong> some chlorinated hydrocarbons. J Ind Hyg Toxicol, 21:479-90, 1939. Belej, M., D. Smith, and D. Aviado. Toxicity <strong>of</strong> aerosol propellants in the respiratory and circulatory systems. IV. Cardiotoxicity in the monkey. Toxicology, 2:381-95, 1974. Browning, E. Dichloromethane. In: Toxicity and Metabolism <strong>of</strong> Industrial Solvents, pp. 242-6. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Co., 1965. Chiappino, G., and G. Secchi. Descrizione di un case di intossicazione acuta da ingestione accidentale di 1,2-dichloropropano venduto come trielina. Med Lav, 59:334-41, 1968. Clark, D., and D. Tinston. Correlation <strong>of</strong> the cardiac sensitizing potential <strong>of</strong> halogenated hydrocarbons with their physiochemical properties. Br J Pharmacol, 49:355-7, 1973. Cornish, H., and J. Adefuin. Ethanol potentiation <strong>of</strong> halogenated aliphatic solvent toxicity. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J, 27:57-61, 1966. Cornish, H. B. Ling, and M. Barth. Phenobarbital and organic solvent toxicity. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J, 34:487-92, 1973. Criteria Document. Criteria for a recommended standard--occupational exposure to methylene chloride. <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department <strong>of</strong> Health, Education, and Welfare, 1976a, 167 pp. Criteria Document Criteria for a recommended standard--occupational exposure to ethylene dichloridc (1,2-dichloroethane) . 179
<strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department <strong>of</strong> Health, Education, and Welfare, 1976b, 158 pp. Dornette, W., and J. Jones. Clinical experiences with l,l,l-trichloroethane: A preliminary report <strong>of</strong> 50 anesthetic administrations. Anesth Analg. 39:249-53. 1960. Ehrich. W., S. Bellet. and F. Lewey Cardiac changes from CO poisoning, Am J Med Sci, 208:511-23, 1944. Fuller, G., A. Olshan, S. Puri, and H. Lal. Induction <strong>of</strong> hepatic drug metabolism in rats by met hylchlor<strong>of</strong>orm inhalation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 175:111-7, 1970. Gehring, P. Hepatotoxic potency <strong>of</strong> various chlorinated hydrocarbon vapors relative to their narcotic and lethal potencies in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 13:287-198, 1968. Hall, F., and C. Hine. Trichloroethane intoxication: A report <strong>of</strong> two cases. J Forensic Sci, 11:404-13, 1966. Hamilton, A. The formation <strong>of</strong> phosgene in the thermal decomposition <strong>of</strong> carbon tetrachloride. J lntl Eng Chem, 25:539-49, 1933. Hanasono. G., H. Witscht. and G. Plaa. Potentiation <strong>of</strong> the hepatotoxic responses to chemicals in alloxan-diabetic rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 149:903-7. 1975. Heppel, L., B. Highman, and V. Porterfield. Toxicology <strong>of</strong> 1,2-dichloropropane (propylenes dichloride). II. Influence <strong>of</strong> dietary factors on the toxicity <strong>of</strong> dichloropropane. J Pharmacol, 87:11-7, 1946. Herd, P., M. Lipsky, and H. Martin. Cardiovascular effects <strong>of</strong> 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Arch Environ Health, 28:227-33, 1974. Herd, P., and H. Martin. Effect <strong>of</strong> 1,1,1- trichloroethane on mitochondrial metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol, 24:1179-85, 1975. Herman, H., and J. Vial. Nouvelles syncopes cardiaques par association toxique de l'adrenaline, et de divers produits organiques volatils. C R Seances Soc Biol Paris. 119:1317, 1935. Highman, B., and H. Heppel. Toxicology <strong>of</strong> 1,2-dichloropropane (propylene dichloride). III. Pathologic changes produced by a short series <strong>of</strong> daily exposures. Arch Pathol, 42:525-34, 1946. Jenkins, L., Jr., R. Jones, R. Coon. and J. Siegel. Repeated and continuous exposures <strong>of</strong> laboratory animals to trichlor<strong>of</strong>luoromethane. Toxicol Appli Pharmacol, 16:133-42, January 1970. Joachimoglu, G. Uber die wirkung einiger narkotica der fettreihe auf die glatte muskulatur des blutegels. Biochem A, 156:224-35, 1925. 180
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Review of<
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT The Research Triangl
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PREFACE Inhaling psychotropic subst
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Perhaps society can begin to look o
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Mr. Joseph P. Nachtman Graduate Res
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CONTENTS (con.) Danger to Self and
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CONTENTS (con.) Acute Toxicity <str
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CONTENTS (con.) Chapter 11 Nervous
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CONTENTS (con.) Areas of</s
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Chapter 1 INHALANT ABUSE: AN OVERVI
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A special group of
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intoxication. Industrial workers ar
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most common complaints noted during
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SUMMARY Inhalant abuse, a youthful
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SOCIOCULTURAL-EPIDEMlOlOGlCAL ASPEC
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use of mind alteri
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2. Another reason is the nature <st
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Rates for inhalant use are on about
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with Indians, and blacks also are m
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Chambers, C., J. Inciardi, H. Siega
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Appendix SUMMARY OF EXPLORATORY STU
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New York Miami Louisville Los Angel
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Chapter 3 CLINICAL EVALUATION OF PS
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peer ratings of re
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The literature generally provides l
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MENTAL STATUS OF USERS Cognitive Di
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Tinklenberg and Woodrow (1974) cont
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Psychotic Organic Brain Syndrome (O
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Beer Marihuana Spray paint Liquor G
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Lachar and his colleagues (in press
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work setting while providing for an
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2. sniffing, unobtrusive or nonreac
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De la Garza, F., I. Mendiola, and S
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Maletzky, B. Assisted covert sensit
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MEDICAL EVALUATION OF INHALANT ABUS
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are not actively avoided. Table 1 s
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TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF CLINICAL SYNDROM
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Aerosols Abuse of
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either peripheral neuropathy or myo
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DATA SUMMARY Table 2 summarizes the
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Ear disease Nose, sinus, throat Fai
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over-the-counter drugs or use <stro
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The patient is asked to stand, to w
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Bass, M. Sudden sniffing death. JAM
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Storms, W. Chlorof
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(Taher et al., 1974), permanent adv
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during the course of</stron
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abuser, particular attention would
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Reinhardt, C., A. Azar, M. Maxfield
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NEUROLOGICAL HISTORY A. Record onse
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NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION (Items to
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VII. FACIAL MOTOR (VOLITIONAL, EMOT
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E. SENSORY: Chart deficits in: Pain
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Chapter 6 INTRODUCTION Daniel Couri
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TABLE 1 OCCURRENCES OF VOLATILE SUB
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Chapter 7 ABUSE OF INHALATION ANEST
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GASES Name Nitrous Oxide Ethylene C
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Generic Name Trade Nitrous Oxide No
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INCIDENCE AND CONTROL OF ANESTHETIC
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Deniker, P., M. Cottereau, H. Lôo,
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Chapter 8 TOXlCOLOGY OF ALCOHOLS, K
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The time course of
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TABLE 1 ACUTE TOXICITY OF ALCOHOLS
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Industrial exposure to ketones occu
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Despite widespread use of</
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It has been shown that methyl ethyl
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Chapter 9 TOXICOLOGY OF ALIPHATIC A
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percent of an oral
Page 149 and 150: individuality in resistancce to ben
Page 151 and 152: to intoxicate himself within 1 to 3
Page 153 and 154: Organ Toxicity Animal. Toxicity stu
Page 155 and 156: 1961). The threshold limit value fo
Page 157 and 158: imately 3 percent of</stron
Page 159 and 160: several intermediates to 1,2-dihydr
Page 161 and 162: n-Hexante n-Hexane (CH 3(CH 2) 4CH
Page 163 and 164: toxicity. Frommer et al. (1974) not
Page 165 and 166: gests that death may result in some
Page 167 and 168: incoordination, prostration, and co
Page 169 and 170: i.v. the LD 50 was 51 mg/kg Dewey e
Page 171 and 172: II. Animal and human response to va
Page 173 and 174: Elkins, H. The chemistry of
Page 175 and 176: Grant, W. Toxicology of</st
Page 177 and 178: exposure with mortality and toluene
Page 179 and 180: Nomiyama, K. Studies on poisoning b
Page 181 and 182: Reinhardt, C., A. Azar, M. Maxfield
Page 183 and 184: Tauber, J. Instant benzol death. J
Page 185 and 186: Chapter 10 PRECLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Page 187 and 188: TABLE 1 INHALATIONAL TOXlCITY OF FL
Page 189 and 190: There is no question that methylene
Page 191 and 192: In the canine heart-lung preparatio
Page 193 and 194: is used as a solvent in cosmetic an
Page 195 and 196: mean aortic pressure, and mean pulm
Page 197 and 198: Pretreatment of ra
Page 199: FC 11 FC 12 Compound Carbon tetrach
Page 203 and 204: Their toxicity and potential danger
Page 205 and 206: Zakhari, S., and D. Aviado. Cardiop
Page 207 and 208: include photophobia, irritation <st
Page 209 and 210: compound or of ano
Page 211 and 212: portions of the sc
Page 213 and 214: chicken, cat, rat, and mouse. The k
Page 215 and 216: The combined solvents encountered i
Page 217 and 218: CONCLUDING REMARKS Little is known
Page 219 and 220: Saida. K, J. Mendell, and H. Weiss.
Page 221 and 222: Chapter 12 PRECLINICAL BEHAVIORAL T
Page 223 and 224: The squirrel monkey has been shown
Page 225 and 226: dependency. It may be possihle to i
Page 227 and 228: spectrum of solven
Page 229 and 230: without adverse effects. Threshold
Page 231 and 232: espiratory arrest at higher concent
Page 233 and 234: ear problems (Patterson and Bartlet
Page 235 and 236: Ishikawa and Schmidt (1973) noted t
Page 237 and 238: statistically significant, it is di
Page 239 and 240: The very early age at which solvent
Page 241 and 242: Bushnell P., P. Malof</stro
Page 243 and 244: Parkhouse, J., J. Henrie, G. Duncan
Page 246 and 247: SUMMARY 225
Page 248 and 249: PREVENTION Abuse prevention is inte
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generally, to not using those subst
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drugs. Typical situations o
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to use appropriate controls or comp
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ents and neighbors in recreational
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eyond a week or two. This may be du
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not appear to be too useful as a te
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protocol for exposing an animal to
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 243
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Abdel-Rahman, M., L. Hetland, and D
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Angel, C., H. Bounds, and A. Perry.
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Anonymous. Hepatorenal damage from
Page 272 and 273:
Aono, K., H. Tateishi, and D. Karas
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Azar, A., H. Trochimowicz, J. Terri
Page 276 and 277:
Bateman, M. Functional taxonomy <st
Page 278 and 279:
Berlin, M., J. Gage, and E. Jonnson
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Bonnevie, A. [Letter: Acid hardened
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Buday, M., M. Labant, and G. Soós.
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. Petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity st
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Clearfield, H. Hepatorenal toxicity
Page 288 and 289:
Criteria Document. Criteria for a r
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Deguchi, T. Changes in serum trans
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DiVincenzo, G., F. Yanno, and B. As
Page 294 and 295:
Dürr, M. Pressurized aerosols. A n
Page 296 and 297:
Faure, J., H. Faure, M. Yacoub, R.
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Forni, A., A. Cappellini, E Pacific
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Gellman, V. Glue-sniffing among Win
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Gothe, C., P. Ovrum, and B. Hallen.
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Haraszti, A., and M. Sovari. Fatal
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Herbolsheimer, R., and L. Funk. [Ga
Page 308 and 309:
Huff, J. New evidence on the old pr
Page 310 and 311:
. The interaction of</stron
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Kaminski, M., et al. Some histochem
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. Metabolism, excretion, and toxico
Page 316 and 317:
Konyaeva, A., and F. Vishnevetskii.
Page 318 and 319:
Lafontaine, A., et al. Toxicity <st
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October 24-26, 1973. Conclusions an
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Lovius, B. Letter: Aerosol adhesive
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mation by mass spectrometry. Novemb
Page 326 and 327:
Merry, J. Glue sniffing and heroin
Page 328 and 329:
Mouton, N. [28 cases of</st
Page 330 and 331:
Niazi, S., and W. Chiou. Fluorocarb
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of trichloroethyle
Page 334 and 335:
Patterson, M., and P. Bartlett. Hea
Page 336 and 337:
Posner, H. Biohazards of</s
Page 338 and 339:
Ratney, R., D. Wegman, and H. Elkin
Page 340 and 341:
Rosenberg, P. The effect of
Page 342 and 343:
Sato, Y., and M. Maruyama. Immunolo
Page 344 and 345:
Schmidt, P., I. Ulanova, G. Avilova
Page 346 and 347:
Shepard, R., and J. Rose. Alcohol.
Page 348 and 349:
Sjöberg C. [Hobby activity and dea
Page 350 and 351:
Spierdijk, J., and V. Regjer. Dange
Page 352 and 353:
Strusevich, E., V. Fedianina, O. Sa
Page 354 and 355:
. Cardiovascular effects of
Page 356 and 357:
Tinklenberg, J., and K. Woodrow. Dr
Page 358 and 359:
Trochimowicz, H., A. Azar, J. Terri
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arbital sleeping and zoxazolamine p
Page 362 and 363:
Waizer, P., S. Baez, and L. Orkin.
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Wijekoon, P., N. Sivaramakrishna, a
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Zimmerman, S., K. Groehler, and G.
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4 NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS: THE SEARCH
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27 PROBLEMS OF DRUG DEPENDENCE, 197
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44 MARIJUANA EFFECTS ON THE ENDOCRI
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DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 85-533 P
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