Review of Inhalants - ARCHIVES - National Institute on Drug Abuse

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Dürr, M. Pressurized aerosols. A new look. S Afr Med J, 48(46):1959-60, 21 September 1974. Eade, N., L . Taussig, and M. Marks. Hydrocarbon pneumonitis. Pediatrics, 54(3):351-7, September 1974. Eastman, J., and S. Cohen. Hypertensive crisis and death associated with phencyclidine poisoning. March 1975. JAMA, 231(12):1270-1, 24 Eben, A., and G. Kimmerle. Metabolism, excretion and toxicology <strong>of</strong> methylchlor<strong>of</strong>orm in acute and subacute exposed rats. Arch Toxikol, 31(3):233-42, 28 February 1974. Edh, M., A. Selerud, and C. Sjöberg. [Deaths in connection with abuse <strong>of</strong> organic solutions.] Lakartidningen, 70(44):3949-59, 31 October 1973. Edström, R. [Editorial: Neurasthenia and dementia--long- time effects <strong>of</strong> thinners.] Lakartidningen, 72(49):4849, 3 December 1975. Edwards, D., J. Harris, and R. Biersner. Encoding and decoding <strong>of</strong> connected discourse during altered states <strong>of</strong> consciousness. J Psychol, 92(1):97-102, January 1976. Efthymiou, M. General toxicity <strong>of</strong> cosmetics. Eur J Toxicol Environ Hyg, 8(6):329-33, 1975. Eger, E., II, S. Bahlman, M. Halsey, and D. Sawyer. The effect <strong>of</strong> distribution <strong>of</strong> increased cardiac output on the pulmonary exchange <strong>of</strong> halothane, nitrous oxide, and methoxyflurane. Anesth Analg (Cleve), 52(4):625-31, July-August 1973. Egle, J. Retention <strong>of</strong> inhaled acetone and ammonia in the dog. Amer Ind Hyg Assoc J, 34:533-9, 1973. Egle, J., and B. Gochberg. Respiratory retention <strong>of</strong> inhaled toluene and benzene in the dog. J Toxicol Environ Health, 1:531-8, 1976. Egle, J., Jr., J. Long, G. Simon, and J. Borzelleca. An evaluation <strong>of</strong> the cardiac sensitizing potential <strong>of</strong> a fabric protector in aerosol form, containing 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 38(2):369-77, November 1976. Ehrenreich, T. Renal disease from exposure to solvents. Ann Clin Lab Sci, 7(1):6-16, January-February 1977. El Ghawabi, S., M. Mansoor, M. El Gamel, A. El Saharti, and F. El Enany. Chronic trichloroethylene exposure. J Egypt Med Assoc, 56(11-12):715-24, 1973. 273
Elliott, H. Effects <strong>of</strong> street drugs on anesthesia. Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm, 12(1-2):134-40, July 1975. Elosue, R. Addiction to thinners among children. Suom Laakaril, 21(19):1643-6, 1 July 1966. Elster, I. [Cardiotoxic effect <strong>of</strong> solvents.] Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 97(48):1887, 1 December 1972. . [Letter: Side-effects <strong>of</strong> glue solvents.] Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 100(16):913, 18 April 1975. Emmett, E. Parosmia and hyposmia induced by solvent exposure. Br J Ind Med, 33(3):196-8, August 1976. Engstrom, K., K. Husman, and J. Rantanen. Measurement <strong>of</strong> toluene and xylene metabolites by gas chromatography. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 36(3):153-60, 1976. Ertle, T., D. Henschler, G. Mueller, and M. Spassovski. Metabolism <strong>of</strong> trichloroethylene in man: I. The significance <strong>of</strong> trichloroethanol in long-term exposure conditions. Arch Toxikol, 29(3):171-88, 1972. Ettema, J., R. Zielhuis, E. Burer, H. Meier, L. Kleerekoper, and M. de Graaf . Effects <strong>of</strong> alcohol, carbon monoxide and trichloroethylene exposure on mental capacity. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 35(2):117-32, 14 August 1975. Everett, G. Effects <strong>of</strong> amyl nitrite (“poppers”) on sexual experience. Med Aspects <strong>of</strong> Human Sexuality, 8(12):146-51, December 1972. Fabel, H., et al. Myocardial ischemia and arrhythmias due to the use <strong>of</strong> pressurized aerosols in man. Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 97:240, 1972. Fabia, J., and T. Thuy . Occupation <strong>of</strong> father at time <strong>of</strong> birth <strong>of</strong> children dying <strong>of</strong> malignant diseases. Br J Prev Soc Med, 28(2): 98-100, May 1974. Faillace, L. 188-9, 1976. Abuse <strong>of</strong> organic solvents. Psychosomatics, 17(4): Fallentin, B., A. Fogh, and J. Frost. [Poisoning with nitrous gas. A review.] Ugeskr Laeger, 133(25):1225-31, 25 June 1971. Fauman, B., G. Aldinger, M. Fauman, and P. Rosen. Psychiatric sequelae <strong>of</strong> phencyclidine abuse. Clin Toxicol, 9(4):529-38, 1976. 274
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Review of<
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT The Research Triangl
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PREFACE Inhaling psychotropic subst
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Perhaps society can begin to look o
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Mr. Joseph P. Nachtman Graduate Res
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CONTENTS (con.) Danger to Self and
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CONTENTS (con.) Acute Toxicity <str
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CONTENTS (con.) Chapter 11 Nervous
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CONTENTS (con.) Areas of</s
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Chapter 1 INHALANT ABUSE: AN OVERVI
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A special group of
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intoxication. Industrial workers ar
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most common complaints noted during
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SUMMARY Inhalant abuse, a youthful
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SOCIOCULTURAL-EPIDEMlOlOGlCAL ASPEC
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use of mind alteri
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2. Another reason is the nature <st
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Rates for inhalant use are on about
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with Indians, and blacks also are m
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Chambers, C., J. Inciardi, H. Siega
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Appendix SUMMARY OF EXPLORATORY STU
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New York Miami Louisville Los Angel
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Chapter 3 CLINICAL EVALUATION OF PS
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peer ratings of re
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The literature generally provides l
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MENTAL STATUS OF USERS Cognitive Di
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Tinklenberg and Woodrow (1974) cont
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Psychotic Organic Brain Syndrome (O
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Beer Marihuana Spray paint Liquor G
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Lachar and his colleagues (in press
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work setting while providing for an
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2. sniffing, unobtrusive or nonreac
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De la Garza, F., I. Mendiola, and S
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Maletzky, B. Assisted covert sensit
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MEDICAL EVALUATION OF INHALANT ABUS
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are not actively avoided. Table 1 s
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TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF CLINICAL SYNDROM
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Aerosols Abuse of
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either peripheral neuropathy or myo
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DATA SUMMARY Table 2 summarizes the
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Ear disease Nose, sinus, throat Fai
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over-the-counter drugs or use <stro
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The patient is asked to stand, to w
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Bass, M. Sudden sniffing death. JAM
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Storms, W. Chlorof
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(Taher et al., 1974), permanent adv
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during the course of</stron
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abuser, particular attention would
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Reinhardt, C., A. Azar, M. Maxfield
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NEUROLOGICAL HISTORY A. Record onse
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NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION (Items to
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VII. FACIAL MOTOR (VOLITIONAL, EMOT
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E. SENSORY: Chart deficits in: Pain
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Chapter 6 INTRODUCTION Daniel Couri
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TABLE 1 OCCURRENCES OF VOLATILE SUB
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Chapter 7 ABUSE OF INHALATION ANEST
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GASES Name Nitrous Oxide Ethylene C
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Generic Name Trade Nitrous Oxide No
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INCIDENCE AND CONTROL OF ANESTHETIC
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Deniker, P., M. Cottereau, H. Lôo,
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Chapter 8 TOXlCOLOGY OF ALCOHOLS, K
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The time course of
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TABLE 1 ACUTE TOXICITY OF ALCOHOLS
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Industrial exposure to ketones occu
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Despite widespread use of</
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It has been shown that methyl ethyl
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Chapter 9 TOXICOLOGY OF ALIPHATIC A
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percent of an oral
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individuality in resistancce to ben
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to intoxicate himself within 1 to 3
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Organ Toxicity Animal. Toxicity stu
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1961). The threshold limit value fo
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imately 3 percent of</stron
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several intermediates to 1,2-dihydr
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n-Hexante n-Hexane (CH 3(CH 2) 4CH
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toxicity. Frommer et al. (1974) not
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gests that death may result in some
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incoordination, prostration, and co
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i.v. the LD 50 was 51 mg/kg Dewey e
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II. Animal and human response to va
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Elkins, H. The chemistry of
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Grant, W. Toxicology of</st
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exposure with mortality and toluene
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Nomiyama, K. Studies on poisoning b
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Reinhardt, C., A. Azar, M. Maxfield
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Tauber, J. Instant benzol death. J
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Chapter 10 PRECLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
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TABLE 1 INHALATIONAL TOXlCITY OF FL
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There is no question that methylene
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In the canine heart-lung preparatio
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is used as a solvent in cosmetic an
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mean aortic pressure, and mean pulm
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Pretreatment of ra
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FC 11 FC 12 Compound Carbon tetrach
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National I
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Their toxicity and potential danger
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Zakhari, S., and D. Aviado. Cardiop
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include photophobia, irritation <st
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compound or of ano
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portions of the sc
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chicken, cat, rat, and mouse. The k
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The combined solvents encountered i
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CONCLUDING REMARKS Little is known
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Saida. K, J. Mendell, and H. Weiss.
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Chapter 12 PRECLINICAL BEHAVIORAL T
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The squirrel monkey has been shown
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dependency. It may be possihle to i
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spectrum of solven
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without adverse effects. Threshold
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espiratory arrest at higher concent
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ear problems (Patterson and Bartlet
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Ishikawa and Schmidt (1973) noted t
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statistically significant, it is di
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The very early age at which solvent
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Bushnell P., P. Malof</stro
Page 243 and 244: Parkhouse, J., J. Henrie, G. Duncan
Page 246 and 247: SUMMARY 225
Page 248 and 249: PREVENTION Abuse prevention is inte
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Page 252 and 253: drugs. Typical situations o
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Page 258 and 259: eyond a week or two. This may be du
Page 260 and 261: not appear to be too useful as a te
Page 262 and 263: protocol for exposing an animal to
Page 264 and 265: BIBLIOGRAPHY 243
Page 266 and 267: Abdel-Rahman, M., L. Hetland, and D
Page 268 and 269: Angel, C., H. Bounds, and A. Perry.
Page 270 and 271: Anonymous. Hepatorenal damage from
Page 272 and 273: Aono, K., H. Tateishi, and D. Karas
Page 274 and 275: Azar, A., H. Trochimowicz, J. Terri
Page 276 and 277: Bateman, M. Functional taxonomy <st
Page 278 and 279: Berlin, M., J. Gage, and E. Jonnson
Page 280 and 281: Bonnevie, A. [Letter: Acid hardened
Page 282 and 283: Buday, M., M. Labant, and G. Soós.
Page 284 and 285: . Petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity st
Page 286 and 287: Clearfield, H. Hepatorenal toxicity
Page 288 and 289: Criteria Document. Criteria for a r
Page 290 and 291: Deguchi, T. Changes in serum trans
Page 292 and 293: DiVincenzo, G., F. Yanno, and B. As
Page 296 and 297: Faure, J., H. Faure, M. Yacoub, R.
Page 298 and 299: Forni, A., A. Cappellini, E Pacific
Page 300 and 301: Gellman, V. Glue-sniffing among Win
Page 302 and 303: Gothe, C., P. Ovrum, and B. Hallen.
Page 304 and 305: Haraszti, A., and M. Sovari. Fatal
Page 306 and 307: Herbolsheimer, R., and L. Funk. [Ga
Page 308 and 309: Huff, J. New evidence on the old pr
Page 310 and 311: . The interaction of</stron
Page 312 and 313: Kaminski, M., et al. Some histochem
Page 314 and 315: . Metabolism, excretion, and toxico
Page 316 and 317: Konyaeva, A., and F. Vishnevetskii.
Page 318 and 319: Lafontaine, A., et al. Toxicity <st
Page 320 and 321: October 24-26, 1973. Conclusions an
Page 322 and 323: Lovius, B. Letter: Aerosol adhesive
Page 324 and 325: mation by mass spectrometry. Novemb
Page 326 and 327: Merry, J. Glue sniffing and heroin
Page 328 and 329: Mouton, N. [28 cases of</st
Page 330 and 331: Niazi, S., and W. Chiou. Fluorocarb
Page 332 and 333: of trichloroethyle
Page 334 and 335: Patterson, M., and P. Bartlett. Hea
Page 336 and 337: Posner, H. Biohazards of</s
Page 338 and 339: Ratney, R., D. Wegman, and H. Elkin
Page 340 and 341: Rosenberg, P. The effect of
Page 342 and 343: Sato, Y., and M. Maruyama. Immunolo
Page 344 and 345:
Schmidt, P., I. Ulanova, G. Avilova
Page 346 and 347:
Shepard, R., and J. Rose. Alcohol.
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Sjöberg C. [Hobby activity and dea
Page 350 and 351:
Spierdijk, J., and V. Regjer. Dange
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Strusevich, E., V. Fedianina, O. Sa
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. Cardiovascular effects of
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Tinklenberg, J., and K. Woodrow. Dr
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Trochimowicz, H., A. Azar, J. Terri
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arbital sleeping and zoxazolamine p
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Waizer, P., S. Baez, and L. Orkin.
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Wijekoon, P., N. Sivaramakrishna, a
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Zimmerman, S., K. Groehler, and G.
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4 NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS: THE SEARCH
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27 PROBLEMS OF DRUG DEPENDENCE, 197
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44 MARIJUANA EFFECTS ON THE ENDOCRI
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DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 85-533 P
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