THE XYZs OF USING A SCOPE Tektronix

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MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES CONT. c SCOPE Figure 29. USING THE Z-AXIS can provide additional information on the scope screen. In the set-up drawn above, a function generator sweeps through the frequencies of interest during the product testing-20 to 20,OOO Hz, in this case. Then an adjustable notch filter is used to generate a marker, at 15 kHz, for instance, and this signal is applied to the Z-axis input to brighten the trace. This allows the tester to evaluate the product’s performance with a glance. Using TV Triggering The composite video waveform consists of two fields, each of which contains 262 lines. Many scopes offer television triggering to simplify looking at video signals. Usually, however, the scope will only trigger on fields at some sweep speeds and lines at others. The 2200 Series scopes allow you to trigger on either lines or fields at any sweep speed. To look at tv fields with a 2200 Series scope, use the TV FIELD 28 mode. This mode allows the scope to trigger at the field rate of the composite video signal on either field one or field two. Since the trigger system cannot recognize the difference between field one and field two, it will trigger alternately on the two fields and the display will be confusing if you look at one line at a time. To prevent this, you add more holdoff time, and there are two ways to do that. You can use the variable holdoff control, or you can simply switch the vertical operating mode to display both channels. That makes the total holdoff time for one channel greater than one field period. Then just position the unused vertical channel off-screen to avoid confusion. It is also important to select the trigger slope that corresponds to the edge of the waveform where the sync pulses are located. Picking a negative slope for pulses at the bottom of the waveform allows you to see as many sync pulses as possible. When you want to observe the TV line portion of the composite video signal, use the NORM trigger mode and trigger on the horizontal synchronization pulses for a stable display. It is usually best to select the blanking level of the sync waveform so that the vertical field rate will not cause double triggering. Delayed Sweep Measurements Delayed sweep is a technique that adds a precise amount of time between the trigger point and the beginning of a scope sweep. Often delayed sweep is used as a convenient way to make a measurement (the rise time measurement in Exercise 10 is a good example). To make a rise time measurement without delayed sweep, you must trigger on the edge occurring before the desired transition, With delayed sweep, you may choose to trigger anywhere along the displayed waveform and use the delay time control to start the sweep exactly where you want. Sometimes, however, delayed sweep is the only way to make a measurement. Suppose that the part of the waveform you want to measure is so far from the only available trigger point that it will not show on the screen The problem can be solved with delayed sweep: trigger where you have to. and delay out to where you want the sweep to start. But the delayed sweep feature you’ll probably use the most often is the intensified sweep; it lets you use the delayed sweep as a positionable magnifier. You trigger normally and then use the scope’s intensified horizontal mode. Now the signal on the screen will show a brighter zone after the delay time. Run the delay time (and the intensified zone) out to the part of the signal that interests you. Then switch to the delayed mode and increase the sweep speed to magnify the selected waveform portion so that you can examine it in detail. Since the 2200 Series has two types of delayed sweep, read the paragraphs and use the delayed sweep measurement exercise below that applies to your scope: “Single Time Base Scopes” and Exercise 10 for delayed sweep measurements with single time base scopes like the Tektronix 2213; or “Dual Time Base Scopes” and Exercise 11 for delayed sweep on dual time base scopes like the 2215. Single Time Base Scopes Very few single time base scopes offer delayed sweep measurements. Those that do may have measurement capabilities similar to those of the Tektronix 2213 which has three possible horizontal operating modes annotated on the front panel as NO DLY, INTENS, and DLY’D. When you set the HORIZON- TAL MODE switch to NO DLY (no delay), only the normal sweep functions. When you choose INTENS (intensified sweep), your scope will display the normal sweep and the trace will also be intensified after a delay time. The amount of delay is determined by both the DELAY TIME switch (you can use 0.5 ps, 10 ps, or 0.2 ms) and the DELAY TIME MULTIPLIER control. The multi-
plier lets you pick from 1 to 20 times the switch setting. The third position, DLY ’D (delayed), makes the sweep start after the delay time you ’ve chosen. After selecting this position you can move the SEC/DIV to a faster sweep speed and examine the waveform in greater detail. This list of horizontal modes should begin to give ideas of how useful these delayed sweep features are. Start by making the rise time measurement described below. (Note that when making rise time measurements, you must take the rise time of the measuring instrument into account. Be sure to read Chapter IO.) Dual Time Base Scopes Delayed sweep is normally found on dual time base scopes like the 2215 with two totally separate horizontal sweep generators. In dual time base instruments, one sweep is triggered in the normal fashion and the start of the second sweep is delayed. To keep these two sweeps distinct when describing them, the delaying sweep is called the A sweep; the delayed sweep is called the B sweep. The length of time between the start of the A sweep and the start of the B sweep is called the delay time. Dual time base scopes offer you all the measurement capabilities of single time base instruments, plus: convenient comparisons of signals at two different sweep speeds jitter-free triggering of delayed sweeps and timing measurement accuracy of 1.5%. Most of this increase in measurement performance is available because you can separately control the two sweep speeds and use them in three horizontal operating modes. These modes - in a 2215 - are Exercise 10.2213 DELAYED SWEEP MEASUREMENTS 1. Connect your probe to the channel 7 BNC connector and the probe adjustmentjack, hook the ground strap onto the collar of the channel2 BNC, and make sure the probe is compensated. 2. Use these control settings: CH 7 VOLTS/D/V on 0.2 using the 10X probe VOLTS/DIV readout; CH 7 input coupling on AC; VERTICAL MODE is CH 7; TRIGGER MODE is AUTO; TRIGGER SLOPE is negative (-); trigger SOURCE is INT (for internal) and INT trigger switch is either CH 7 or VERT MODE; HORIZONTAL MODE is NO DLY; SEC/DIV is 0.5 ms. Check all the variable controls to make sure they’re in their calibrated detent positions. 3. Set the input coupling to G ND and center the trace. Switch back to AC and set the trigger LEVEL control for a stable display. The waveform should look like the first photo above. A sweep only, B sweep only, or A intensified by B as well as B delayed. The HORIZONTAL MODE switch controls the operating mode and two SEC/DIV switches- concentrically mounted on a 2215 -control the sweep speeds. See Figure 30. When you use the ALT (for alternate horizontal mode) position the HORIZONTAL MODE switch, the scope will display the A sweep intensified by the B 4. Because a rise time measurement is best made at faster sweep speeds, turn the SEC/ DIV control to 2 w. Use the trigger LEVEL control to try to get all of the positive transition on the screen. You can’t; you lose your trigger when you get off the slope of the signal. 5. Turn back to 0.5 msldiv and switch to the intensified display with the HORIZONTAL MODE switch. Switch the DELAY TIME to 0.2 ms and use the DELAY TIME MULTIPLIER to move the intensified zone on the waveform to a point before the first complete positive-going transition of the square wave. The intensified zone now shows you where the delayed sweep will start, like the second photo. 6. Switch the horizontal mode to DLY’D and the SEC/DIV switch to 5 p. Now you can use the horizontal POSITION and DELAY TIME MULTIPLIER controls to get a single transition on the screen. sweep and the B sweep delayed. As you set faster sweeps with the B SEC/DlV switch, you’ll see the intensified zone on the A trace get smaller and the B sweep expanded by the new speed setting. As you move the B DELAY TIME POSITION dial and change where the B sweep starts, you’ll see the intensified zone move across the A trace and see the B waveform change. PART II 7. Change to 0.7 Vldiv and line up the signal with the 0 and 700% dotted lines of the graticule. (If you have a signal that doesn’t fit between the 0 and 700% lines of the graticule, you have to count major and minor divisions and estimate the rise time while ignoring the first and last 70% of the transition.) 8. Use the horizontal POSITION control to move the waveform until it crosses a vertical graticule line at the 70% marking. Adjust the FOCUS control for a sharp waveform and make your rise time measurement from that vertical line to where the step crosses the 90% line. Now you can make a rise time measurement on a waveform like that in the third photograph. For example, for 7 major division and 4 minor divisions: 7.8 times the SEC/DIV setting of 5 w is9*. This sounds more complicated in words than it is in practice. As you use the scope in Exercise 11, you’ll find that the procedure is very easy. You will always see exactly where the B sweep starts. And you can use the size of the intensified zone to judge which B sweep speed you need to make the measurement you want. 29
Page 1 and 2: TEK MULTI-PURPOSE OSCILLOSCOPES THE
Page 3 and 4: INTRODUCTION If you watch an electr
Page 5 and 6: Exercise 1. INITIALIZING THE SCOPE
Page 7 and 8: Trace Rotation Another display cont
Page 9 and 10: each of the eight vertical major di
Page 11 and 12: Exercise 3. VERTICAL SYSTEM CONTROL
Page 13 and 14: All the instruments of the Tektroni
Page 15 and 16: . THE HORIZONTAL SYSTEM CONT. horiz
Page 17 and 18: THE TRIGGER SYSTEM PART I Figure 9.
Page 19 and 20: displaying. That has the obvious ad
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER 5. ALL ABOUT PROBES PART I
Page 23 and 24: PART Il. MAKING MEASUREMENTS The fi
Page 25 and 26: Figure 19. IF A SIGNAL IS PERIODIC,
Page 27 and 28: GETTING STARTED CONT. PART II Figur
Page 29 and 30: Frequency and Other Derived Measure
Page 31: Figure 27. X-Y COMPONENT CHECKING r
Page 35 and 36: Exercise 11.2215 DELAYED SWEEP MEAS
Page 37: P Parallax errors 4 Period 24 Phase

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