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Appendix II Chemoreceptors: (↓O 2 , ↓H + , ↑CO 2 ) Ischaemia Bororeceptors: ↓ Blood pressure ↑ Blood pressure Motor Vagus activity (Parasympathetic) Excite Inhibit Heart (parasymp.) ↓ SA Rate ↑ SA Rate ↓ AV cond ↑ AV cond Heart (sympathetic) ↓ Rate ↑ Rate ↓ Contract ↑ contract Vasomotor Center (Sympathetic) ↑ Sympathetic output ↑ Sympathetic output ↓ Sympathetic output ↑ Sympathetic output ↑ Output ↓ Output To the Heart of the Matter Blood vessels Vasoconstriction ↑ Blood pressure Vasodilation ↓ Blood pressure Fig. 1: Extrinsic CV Regulatory Pathways the Autonomic Nervous System References: Guyton (1986), Berne et al. (1998) & Paulson et al. (1996) 54
Appendix III Cardiovascular Control Mechanisms Mediated by Autonomic Activity Catecholamine Influence Upon Cardiovascular Activity To the Heart of the Matter Epinephrine and norepinephrine exert their action upon four types of membrane receptors that are found within the cardiovascular system, which are designated α 1 , α 2 , β 1 and β 2 . Receptors of the type α 1 are more responsive to norepinephrine stimulation and are found in the heart and the arterioles of the renal, splachnic and cutaneous beds. Receptors of the type α 2 are to be found on the blood platelet membranes. Receptors of the type β 1 are more responsive to epinephrine stimulation and are found in the heart. Receptors of the type β 2 receptors are more responsive to epinephrine and are found in the skeletal muscles. Norepinephrine (primarily α 1 & α 2 activity): Norepinephrine primarily causes an increase in the hearts contractile force, and due to epinephrine action on the α 1 receptors, arteriolar vasoconstriction occurs in the renal, splachnic and cutaneous beds. Norepinephrine stimulation of the α 2 receptors on the blood platelet membranes causes activation of platelet activity. Epinephrine (primarily β 1 & β 2 activity): Epinephrine primarily initiates the cardiovascular systems metabolic activity, increasing contractile force and conduction velocity as a result of β 1 Stimulation. Arteriolar vasodilatation occurs in the skeletal muscles due to epinephrine action on the β 2 receptors. The Overall Cardiac Effect The action of epinephrine and norepinephrine reinforce cardiovascular system metabolism, increasing the heart rate, contractile force and cardiac output. The effect of the catecholamines upon the arterial system results in an increase in the systolic blood pressure, whilst the diastolic pressure remains either unchanged or slightly decreased. Table 2: Cardiovascular Control Mechanisms Mediated by Autonomic Activity References: Guyton (1986), Berne et al. (1998) & Paulson et al. (1996) 55
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To the Heart of the Matter - examin
Page 3 and 4: Contents To the Heart of the Matter
Page 5 and 6: 1. Introduction To the Heart of the
Page 7 and 8: To the Heart of the Matter medicine
Page 9 and 10: 2. The Context of Medicine in an Hi
Page 11 and 12: To the Heart of the Matter biomedic
Page 13 and 14: 2.3. The Conceptual Context of West
Page 15 and 16: 2.3.2. Defining the Empirical Under
Page 17 and 18: To the Heart of the Matter accordan
Page 19 and 20: To the Heart of the Matter That th
Page 21 and 22: To the Heart of the Matter The acti
Page 23 and 24: To the Heart of the Matter anxiogen
Page 25 and 26: To the Heart of the Matter It would
Page 27 and 28: To the Heart of the Matter vasocons
Page 29 and 30: 4.3. Cardiovascular Pathogenesis ~
Page 31 and 32: To the Heart of the Matter fatality
Page 33 and 34: To the Heart of the Matter The hear
Page 35 and 36: To the Heart of the Matter Eysenck
Page 37 and 38: 5.2.1. Influential Development in P
Page 39 and 40: To the Heart of the Matter citation
Page 41 and 42: Selenicerus grandiflorus (L.) Britt
Page 43 and 44: To the Heart of the Matter there ar
Page 45 and 46: To the Heart of the Matter 6. Asses
Page 47 and 48: To the Heart of the Matter or psych
Page 49 and 50: To the Heart of the Matter in the P
Page 51 and 52: 7. Conclusion To the Heart of the M
Page 53: Appendix I Extrinsic Autonomic Cont
Page 57 and 58: Appendix V Cardiovascular Activity
Page 59 and 60: Appendix VII Juxtaglomerular appara
Page 61 and 62: Appendix IX To the Heart of the Mat
Page 63 and 64: Appendix XI Attributes and Correspo
Page 65 and 66: Appendix XIII Traditional and Empir
Page 67 and 68: Appendix XIII cont’d Traditional
Page 69 and 70: References To the Heart of the Matt
Page 71 and 72: To the Heart of the Matter HOLMES,
Page 73 and 74: To the Heart of the Matter SCHEIER,
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