QUALITY CHANGES, DUST GENERATION, AND COMMINGLING ...

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6.3 Pilot-Scale Boot Experiment ............................................................................................ 162 6.3.1 Grain Materials .......................................................................................................... 162 6.3.2 Test Facility ............................................................................................................... 164 6.3.3 Test Procedure ........................................................................................................... 166 6.3.3.1 Before the Transfers............................................................................................ 166 6.3.3.2 Transfer of First Grain — Red Soybeans ........................................................... 166 6.3.3.3 Transfer of Second Grain — Clear Soybeans..................................................... 168 6.3.4 Grain Sampling, Sorting, and Analysis...................................................................... 168 6.3.5 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................. 170 6.5 Results and Discussion ..................................................................................................... 170 6.5.1 Grain Commingling in 3D Boot Model ..................................................................... 170 6.5.1.1 Instantaneous Commingling ............................................................................... 170 6.5.1.2 Average Commingling........................................................................................ 172 6.5.2 Quasi-2D Boot Model................................................................................................ 173 6.6 Summary........................................................................................................................... 184 6.7 References......................................................................................................................... 185 CHAPTER 7 - CONCLUSIONS <strong>AND</strong> RECOMMENDATIONS............................................. 190 7.1 Conclusions....................................................................................................................... 190 7.2 Recommendations for Further Study................................................................................ 192 Appendix A - Supporting Data ................................................................................................... 193 Data for Chapter 3................................................................................................................... 193 Data for Chapter 4................................................................................................................... 202 Data for Chapter 5................................................................................................................... 211 Data for Chapter 6................................................................................................................... 248 Appendix B - Summary of Calibration Data .............................................................................. 264 Calibration Data for Chapter 4................................................................................................ 264 xii
List of Figures Figure 2.1 Identity preservation process and factors to consider at each step, including testing and auditing points (Sundstrom et al., 2002). ....................................................................... 24 Figure 2.2 Grain flow paths in different elevator equipment (Ingles et al., 2003). ...................... 29 Figure 3.1 Schematic diagram of USDA-ARS-CGAHR research elevator, showing the flow of handled materials and location of equipment (not drawn to scale): 1-storage bin 1; 2-storage bin 2; 3-elevator boot; 4-elevator legs; 5-diverter-type (DT) sampler; 6-hopper; 7- distributor; 8-receiving area; 9-upper cyclone separator; 10-lower cyclone separators; and 11-dust bin. ........................................................................................................................... 82 Figure 3.2 Whole and broken feed pellets and shelled corn (in percentage of total mass during repeated handling. ................................................................................................................. 88 Figure 4.1 Schematic diagram of USDA-ARS-CGAHR research elevator showing flow of the handled grain and location of equipment (not drawn to scale): 1 - storage bin 1; 2 - storage bin 2; 3 - elevator boot; 4 - elevator legs; 5 - diverter-type sampler; 6 - hopper; 7 - distributor; 8 - receiving area; 9 - upper cyclone separator; 10 - lower cyclone separators; 11 - dust bin; A – lower duct sample collection point; and B – upper duct sample collection point. ..................................................................................................................................... 99 Figure 4.2 Representative plot of mean cumulative and differential volume percentages for the particle size distribution of wheat dust. .............................................................................. 107 Figure 4.3 Representative plot of mean cumulative and differential volume percentages for the particle size distribution of shelled corn dust...................................................................... 110 Figure 5.1 Particle shapes of soybean in the simulation: (a) 1-sphere model; (b) 2-sphere model; (c) 3-sphere model; and (d) 4-sphere model (drawn in EDEM software). ......................... 132 Figure 5.2 Bulk density test in simulation: (a) empty test weight (TW) kettle and (b) full TW kettle.................................................................................................................................... 134 Figure 5.3 Angle of repose test in simulation at tθ = 0.498 s: (a) particle mode and (b) vector mode.................................................................................................................................... 136 Figure 6.1 Initial 3D simulation during handling of (a) red and (b) clear soybeans................... 161 Figure 6.2 Quasi-2D simulation during handling of (a) red and (b) clear soybeans. ................. 163 xiii
Page 1 and 2: QUALITY CHANGES, DUST GENERATION, A
Page 3 and 4: soybean during handling with a comm
Page 5 and 6: Copyright JOSEPHINE MINA BOAC 2010
Page 7 and 8: soybean during handling with a comm
Page 9 and 10: 2.2.7 Grain Commingling ...........
Page 11: CHAPTER 5 - Material and Interactio
Page 15 and 16: Figure A.1 Mean cumulative and mean
Page 17 and 18: Table 5.5 Experimental data for sta
Page 19 and 20: Table A.39 Percentage of particulat
Page 21 and 22: Table A.81 Coefficient of restituti
Page 23 and 24: List of Symbols Ci Instantaneous co
Page 25 and 26: P Conditional probability of the ra
Page 27 and 28: σr σo τi τij ωb ωn ω0 Standa
Page 29 and 30: To Mrs. Maxine Jevons and all my co
Page 31 and 32: 1.1 Background CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUC
Page 33 and 34: al., 1990). Repeated handling data
Page 35 and 36: have increased the demand for IP co
Page 37 and 38: (3) develop and evaluate particle m
Page 39 and 40: Cupp, O. S., D. E. Walker, and J. H
Page 41 and 42: NIOSH. 1983. Occupational Safety in
Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER 2 - REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.
Page 45 and 46: Amornthewaphat et al. (1999) found
Page 47 and 48: EPA, 2007). PM-2.5, PM-4, and PM-10
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experiment. Data suggested that con
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compositions, properties, or temper
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2.2.8.2.2 Degree of Mixedness Weide
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1 ∑ 1 − n i= ( x − x) 2 s s =
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of groups or clusters of adjacent p
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problems in engineering and applied
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al., 1992; Di Renzo and Di Maio, 20
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the non-linear contact model (e.g.,
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Wightman et al. (1998) applied DEM
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(G) for an elastic, homogenous, and
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contacts, and this couple resists p
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angle of friction and is independen
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2.2.11 Summary Customers around the
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Bardet, J. P., and Q. Huang. 1993.
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Carter, C. A., and G. P. Gruere. 20
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Falck-Zepeda, J. B., G. Traxler, an
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Hanna, H. M., D. H. Jarboe, and G.
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James, C. 2004. Global status of co
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Li, Y., Y. Xu, and C. Thornton. 200
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Mustoe, G. G. W., and M. Miyata. 20
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Roseman, B., and M. B. Donald. 1962
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Taylor, M. R., and J. S. Tick. 2001
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Vu-Quoc, L., X. Zhang, and O. R. Wa
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CHAPTER 3 - Feed Pellet and Corn Du
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commercial handling study caused 4.
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separators was 5.0 m 3 ·s -1 and t
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Standard S269.4 (ASAE Standards, 20
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3.3 Results and Discussion 3.3.1 Pa
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Zatari et al. (1990) indicated that
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Table 3.3 Mean total collected dust
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ASTM Standards. 2000. E300-92: Stan
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CHAPTER 4 - Size Distribution and R
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fills the gap where no complete PSD
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4 3 4 1 5 6 7 2 B 8 - Dust sample c
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mm diameter sampling probe, a 0.20-
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4.2.5 Data Analysis The four wheat
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Table 4.4 Mean dust mass flow rates
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different. The sampling methods wer
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4.3.2.2 Shelled Corn - Effect of Re
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The percentage of PM-2.5 from the u
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4.5 References ACGIH. 1997. 1997 Th
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Pearson, T., J. D. Wilson, J. Gwirt
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true physics with a manageable numb
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119 Grain/ Oilseed Kernels Paramete
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5.2.2 Particle Density Particle den
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their simulations. The authors foun
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125 Particle Length (mm), l Particl
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DEM is a numerical modeling techniq
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Table 5.4 Variations of each model
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Test No. 1-sphere Table 5.6 Combina
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Table 5.7 Properties of the four pa
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also drawn with the standard 31.75-
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Both the actual particle motions an
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5.4.1 Bulk Density Test Bulk densit
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as the number of spheres in a parti
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With tradeoffs between bulk density
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Bardet, J. P., and Q. Huang. 1993.
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Herrman, T. J., M. A. Boland, K. Ag
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I: theory, model development and va
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Zhang, X., and L. Vu-Quoc. 2002. A
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from physics. A mechanistic model o
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coefficients are given, respectivel
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26% of the radiated energy. Thus, i
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6.2.3 Three-Dimensional (3D) Modeli
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Figure 6.1 Initial 3D simulation du
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(a) (b) Figure 6.2 Quasi-2D simulat
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left hand side (LHS) opening Width
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Figure 6.4 Schematic diagram of the
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After the clear soybean handling, t
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Instantaneous Commingling (%) Insta
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Average Commingling (%) in Discrete
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Instantaneous Commingling (%) 6.0 5
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(a) (b) Figure 6.12 Quasi-2D (6d_vi
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Figure 6.15 Quasi-2D (6d_vib0_gate)
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Slide gate (a) (b) Figure 6.16 Quas
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Average Commingling (%) in Discrete
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and grain handlers reduce costs dur
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Kawaguchi, T., M. Sakamoto, T. Tana
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Zhou, Y. C., B. H. Xu, A. B. Yu, an
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• For both wheat and shelled corn
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Appendix A - Supporting Data Data f
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Table A.7 Pellet durability index (
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Table A.14 Initial mass of corn sam
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Table A.20 Percentage of whole and
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Table A.26 Percentage of corn dust
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Table A.32 Mass flow rate of wheat
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Cumulative Volume, % 100 90 80 70 6
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Table A.42 Mass concentration of co
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Cumulative Volume, % 100 90 80 70 6
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Data for Chapter 5 Table A.52 Publi
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Length (mm), l Width (mm), w Thickn
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215 Seed Volume (mm 3 ), V Seed Den
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Table A.58 Published physical prope
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219 Table A.61 Published physical p
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Length (mm), l Width (mm), w Thickn
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223 Parameters Length (mm), l Width
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225 2.07 ± 0.016 C 1.84 ± 0.016 C
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227 Table A.69 Data of single-kerne
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Table A.71 Coefficient of restituti
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Table A.84 Bulk density results fro
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Table A.85 Angle of repose results
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Table A.85 Angle of repose results
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249 Bag No. Test No. Table A.87 Moi
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Table A.91 Particle density of red
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Table A.96 Instantaneous comminglin
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Table A.100 Instantaneous commingli
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257 Actual Sampling Time Interval,
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Instantaneous Commingling (%) Avera
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Square-root of Pressure Drop , in.
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