QUALITY CHANGES, DUST GENERATION, AND COMMINGLING ...

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1.6 References Aarseth, K. A. 2004. Attrition of feed pellets during pneumatic conveying: the influence of velocity and bend radius. Biosystems Engineering 89(2): 197-213. ACGIH. 1997. 1997 Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, Ohio: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Allan, S. M., and P. Leitner. 2006. Attacking agriculture with radiological materials — a possibility? World Affairs 168(3): 99-112. Baker, K. D., R. L. Stroshine, K. J. Magee, G. H. Foster, and R. B. Jacko. 1986. Grain damage and dust generation in a pressure pneumatic conveying system. Transactions of the ASAE 29(2): 840-847. Boland, M., M. Domine, K. Dhuyvetter, and T. Herrman. 1999. Economic issues with value- enhanced corn (MF 2430). Manhattan, Kansas: Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. Brewer, C. E., P. R. Ferket, and T. S. Winowiski. 1989. The effect of pellet integrity and lignosulfonate on performance of growing tom. Poultry Science 68(Suppl.1): 18. Bucchini, L., and L. R. Goldman. 2002. Starlink corn: a risk analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives 110(1): 5-12. Converse, H. H., and S. R. Eckhoff. 1989. Corn dust emissions with repeated elevator transfers after selected drying treatment. Transactions of the ASAE 32(6): 2103-2107. Cundall, P. A. 1971. A computer model for simulating progressive large-scale movements in blocky rock systems. In Proceedings of the Symposium of the International Society of Rock Mechanics, Vol. 1, Paper No. II-8: 132-150. Nancy, France: International Society of Rock Mechanics. Cundall, P. A., and O. D. L Strack. 1979. A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies. Geotechnique 29(1): 47-65. 8
Cupp, O. S., D. E. Walker, and J. Hillison. 2004. Agroterrorism in the U.S.: key security challenges for the 21st century. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 2(2): 97-105. DEM Solutions. 2009. EDEM 2.1.2 User Guide. Lebanon, N.H.: DEM Solutions (USA), Inc. 138p. Di Renzo, A., and F. P. Di Maio. 2004. Comparison of contact-force models for the simulation of collisions in DEM-based granular flow codes. Chemical Engineering Science 59(3): 525-541. Di Renzo, A., and F. P. Di Maio. 2005. An improved integral non-linear model for the contact of particles in distinct element simulations. Chemical Engineering Science 60(5): 1303- 1312. Foster, G. H., and L. E. Holman. 1973. Grain breakage caused by commercial handling method. USDA Res. Serv. Mrktg. Res. Rpt. No. 968. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service. Hurburgh, C. R. 1997. Initiation of end-user specific grain marketing at Iowa elevators. MATRIC Working Paper 97 - MWP 2. Ames, Iowa: Midwest Agribusiness Trade Research and Information Center. Ingles, M. E. A., M. E. Casada, R. G. Maghirang, T. J. Herrman, and J. P. Harner, III. 2006. Effects of grain-receiving system on commingling in a country elevator. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 22(5): 713-721. Jacobsen, M., J. Nagy, A. R. Cooper, and F. J. Ball. 1961. Explosibility of agricultural dusts. U.S Bureau of Mines - Report of Investigations No. 5753. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Mines. James, C. 2008. Global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops: 2008. ISAAA Briefs No. 39-2008. Available at: http://www.isaaa.org/resources/ publications/briefs/39/executivesummary/default.html. Accessed 22 May 2009. Jensen, A. H., and D. E. Becker. 1965. Effect of pelleting diets and dietary components on the performance of young pigs. Journal of Animal Science 24(2): 392-397. 9
Page 1 and 2: QUALITY CHANGES, DUST GENERATION, A
Page 3 and 4: soybean during handling with a comm
Page 5 and 6: Copyright JOSEPHINE MINA BOAC 2010
Page 7 and 8: soybean during handling with a comm
Page 9 and 10: 2.2.7 Grain Commingling ...........
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 5 - Material and Interactio
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures Figure 2.1 Identity
Page 15 and 16: Figure A.1 Mean cumulative and mean
Page 17 and 18: Table 5.5 Experimental data for sta
Page 19 and 20: Table A.39 Percentage of particulat
Page 21 and 22: Table A.81 Coefficient of restituti
Page 23 and 24: List of Symbols Ci Instantaneous co
Page 25 and 26: P Conditional probability of the ra
Page 27 and 28: σr σo τi τij ωb ωn ω0 Standa
Page 29 and 30: To Mrs. Maxine Jevons and all my co
Page 31 and 32: 1.1 Background CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUC
Page 33 and 34: al., 1990). Repeated handling data
Page 35 and 36: have increased the demand for IP co
Page 37: (3) develop and evaluate particle m
Page 41 and 42: NIOSH. 1983. Occupational Safety in
Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER 2 - REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.
Page 45 and 46: Amornthewaphat et al. (1999) found
Page 47 and 48: EPA, 2007). PM-2.5, PM-4, and PM-10
Page 49 and 50: (geometric standard deviation) of c
Page 51 and 52: demand for safer identity-preserved
Page 53 and 54: 2.2.3 Identity Preservation, Segreg
Page 55 and 56: labeling regulations. On the other
Page 57 and 58: USDA ERS (2001) enumerated several
Page 59 and 60: Machinery Floor #8 Scale Floor #7 C
Page 61 and 62: (first-in, first-out) queue service
Page 63 and 64: experiment. Data suggested that con
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Page 67 and 68: 2.2.8.2.2 Degree of Mixedness Weide
Page 69 and 70: 1 ∑ 1 − n i= ( x − x) 2 s s =
Page 71 and 72: of groups or clusters of adjacent p
Page 73 and 74: problems in engineering and applied
Page 75 and 76: al., 1992; Di Renzo and Di Maio, 20
Page 77 and 78: the non-linear contact model (e.g.,
Page 79 and 80: Wightman et al. (1998) applied DEM
Page 81 and 82: (G) for an elastic, homogenous, and
Page 83 and 84: contacts, and this couple resists p
Page 85 and 86: angle of friction and is independen
Page 87 and 88: 2.2.11 Summary Customers around the
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Bardet, J. P., and Q. Huang. 1993.
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Carter, C. A., and G. P. Gruere. 20
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Falck-Zepeda, J. B., G. Traxler, an
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Hanna, H. M., D. H. Jarboe, and G.
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James, C. 2004. Global status of co
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Li, Y., Y. Xu, and C. Thornton. 200
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Mustoe, G. G. W., and M. Miyata. 20
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Roseman, B., and M. B. Donald. 1962
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Taylor, M. R., and J. S. Tick. 2001
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Vu-Quoc, L., X. Zhang, and O. R. Wa
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CHAPTER 3 - Feed Pellet and Corn Du
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commercial handling study caused 4.
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separators was 5.0 m 3 ·s -1 and t
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Standard S269.4 (ASAE Standards, 20
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3.3 Results and Discussion 3.3.1 Pa
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Zatari et al. (1990) indicated that
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Table 3.3 Mean total collected dust
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ASTM Standards. 2000. E300-92: Stan
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CHAPTER 4 - Size Distribution and R
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fills the gap where no complete PSD
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4 3 4 1 5 6 7 2 B 8 - Dust sample c
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mm diameter sampling probe, a 0.20-
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4.2.5 Data Analysis The four wheat
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Table 4.4 Mean dust mass flow rates
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different. The sampling methods wer
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4.3.2.2 Shelled Corn - Effect of Re
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The percentage of PM-2.5 from the u
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4.5 References ACGIH. 1997. 1997 Th
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Pearson, T., J. D. Wilson, J. Gwirt
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true physics with a manageable numb
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119 Grain/ Oilseed Kernels Paramete
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5.2.2 Particle Density Particle den
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their simulations. The authors foun
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125 Particle Length (mm), l Particl
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DEM is a numerical modeling techniq
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Table 5.4 Variations of each model
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Test No. 1-sphere Table 5.6 Combina
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Table 5.7 Properties of the four pa
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also drawn with the standard 31.75-
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Both the actual particle motions an
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5.4.1 Bulk Density Test Bulk densit
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as the number of spheres in a parti
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With tradeoffs between bulk density
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Bardet, J. P., and Q. Huang. 1993.
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Herrman, T. J., M. A. Boland, K. Ag
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I: theory, model development and va
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Zhang, X., and L. Vu-Quoc. 2002. A
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from physics. A mechanistic model o
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coefficients are given, respectivel
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26% of the radiated energy. Thus, i
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6.2.3 Three-Dimensional (3D) Modeli
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Figure 6.1 Initial 3D simulation du
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(a) (b) Figure 6.2 Quasi-2D simulat
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left hand side (LHS) opening Width
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Figure 6.4 Schematic diagram of the
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After the clear soybean handling, t
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Instantaneous Commingling (%) Insta
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Average Commingling (%) in Discrete
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Instantaneous Commingling (%) 6.0 5
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(a) (b) Figure 6.12 Quasi-2D (6d_vi
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Figure 6.15 Quasi-2D (6d_vib0_gate)
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Slide gate (a) (b) Figure 6.16 Quas
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Average Commingling (%) in Discrete
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and grain handlers reduce costs dur
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Kawaguchi, T., M. Sakamoto, T. Tana
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Zhou, Y. C., B. H. Xu, A. B. Yu, an
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• For both wheat and shelled corn
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Appendix A - Supporting Data Data f
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Table A.7 Pellet durability index (
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Table A.14 Initial mass of corn sam
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Table A.20 Percentage of whole and
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Table A.26 Percentage of corn dust
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Table A.32 Mass flow rate of wheat
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Cumulative Volume, % 100 90 80 70 6
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Table A.42 Mass concentration of co
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Cumulative Volume, % 100 90 80 70 6
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Data for Chapter 5 Table A.52 Publi
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Length (mm), l Width (mm), w Thickn
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215 Seed Volume (mm 3 ), V Seed Den
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Table A.58 Published physical prope
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219 Table A.61 Published physical p
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Length (mm), l Width (mm), w Thickn
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223 Parameters Length (mm), l Width
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225 2.07 ± 0.016 C 1.84 ± 0.016 C
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227 Table A.69 Data of single-kerne
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Table A.71 Coefficient of restituti
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Table A.84 Bulk density results fro
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Table A.85 Angle of repose results
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Table A.85 Angle of repose results
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249 Bag No. Test No. Table A.87 Moi
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Table A.91 Particle density of red
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Table A.96 Instantaneous comminglin
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Table A.100 Instantaneous commingli
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257 Actual Sampling Time Interval,
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Instantaneous Commingling (%) Avera
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Square-root of Pressure Drop , in.
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