QUALITY CHANGES, DUST GENERATION, AND COMMINGLING ...

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Table A.65 Published physical properties of sunflower seed and kernel with moisture content. ............................................................................................................................................. 224 Table A.66 Published physical properties of sunflower seed and kernel without moisture content. ............................................................................................................................................. 224 Table A.67 Published physical properties of canola with moisture content............................... 225 Table A.68 Published physical properties of canola without moisture content.......................... 226 Table A.69 Data of single-kernel mass from 10 soybean lots used for standard deviation factor (SDF) for particle size distribution. .................................................................................... 227 Table A.70 Coefficient of restitution from test combination 11111 for 1-sphere particle model. ............................................................................................................................................. 228 Table A.71 Coefficient of restitution from test combination 21111 for 1-sphere particle model. ............................................................................................................................................. 229 Table A.72 Coefficient of restitution from test combination 31111 for 1-sphere particle model. ............................................................................................................................................. 230 Table A.73 Coefficient of restitution from test combination 12111 for 1-sphere particle model. ............................................................................................................................................. 231 Table A.74 Coefficient of restitution from test combination 13111 for 1-sphere particle model. ............................................................................................................................................. 232 Table A.75 Coefficient of restitution from test combination 11211 for 1-sphere particle model. ............................................................................................................................................. 233 Table A.76 Coefficient of restitution from test combination 11311 for 1-sphere particle model. ............................................................................................................................................. 234 Table A.77 Coefficient of restitution from test combination 11121 for 1-sphere particle model. ............................................................................................................................................. 235 Table A.78 Coefficient of restitution from test combination 11131 for 1-sphere particle model. ............................................................................................................................................. 236 Table A.79 Coefficient of restitution from test combination 11112 for 1-sphere particle model. ............................................................................................................................................. 237 Table A.80 Coefficient of restitution from test combination 11113 for 1-sphere particle model. ............................................................................................................................................. 238 xx
Table A.81 Coefficient of restitution from test combination 11111 for 2-sphere particle model. ............................................................................................................................................. 239 Table A.82 Coefficient of restitution from test combination 11111 for 3-sphere particle model. ............................................................................................................................................. 240 Table A.83 Coefficient of restitution from test combination 11111 for 4-sphere particle model. ............................................................................................................................................. 241 Table A.84 Bulk density results from all test combinations....................................................... 242 Table A.85 Angle of repose results from all test combinations.................................................. 244 Table A.86 Test weights of red and clear soybean samples used in the experiment.................. 248 Table A.87 Moisture content of red and clear soybean samples used in the experiment........... 249 Table A.88 Percentages of foreign materials, splits, and damaged kernels of red and clear soybean samples used in the experiment. ........................................................................... 249 Table A.89 Thousand-kernel-weight (TKW) of red and clear soybean samples used in the experiment........................................................................................................................... 250 Table A.90 Summary of soybean grading for red and clear soybean samples used in the experiment........................................................................................................................... 250 Table A.91 Particle density of red soybean samples used in the experiment............................. 251 Table A.92 Particle density of clear soybean samples used in the experiment. ......................... 251 Table A.93 Material flow rate of clear soybeans during experiment. [a] ..................................... 252 Table A.94 Residual grain height and mass of clear soybeans after handling tests. .................. 252 Table A.95 Mean, minimum, and maximum mass of red and total soybean samples from five experiments. ........................................................................................................................ 252 Table A.96 Instantaneous commingling during test run no. 1.................................................... 253 Table A.97 Instantaneous commingling during test run no. 2.................................................... 253 Table A.98 Instantaneous commingling during test run no. 3.................................................... 254 Table A.99 Instantaneous commingling during test run no. 4.................................................... 254 Table A.100 Instantaneous commingling during test run no. 5.................................................. 255 Table A.101 Mean instantaneous commingling for five experimental test runs. ....................... 256 Table A.102 Average commingling during test run no. 1. ......................................................... 257 Table A.103 Average commingling during test run no. 2. ......................................................... 258 Table A.104 Average commingling during test run no. 3. ......................................................... 259 xxi
Page 1 and 2: QUALITY CHANGES, DUST GENERATION, A
Page 3 and 4: soybean during handling with a comm
Page 5 and 6: Copyright JOSEPHINE MINA BOAC 2010
Page 7 and 8: soybean during handling with a comm
Page 9 and 10: 2.2.7 Grain Commingling ...........
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 5 - Material and Interactio
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures Figure 2.1 Identity
Page 15 and 16: Figure A.1 Mean cumulative and mean
Page 17 and 18: Table 5.5 Experimental data for sta
Page 19: Table A.39 Percentage of particulat
Page 23 and 24: List of Symbols Ci Instantaneous co
Page 25 and 26: P Conditional probability of the ra
Page 27 and 28: σr σo τi τij ωb ωn ω0 Standa
Page 29 and 30: To Mrs. Maxine Jevons and all my co
Page 31 and 32: 1.1 Background CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUC
Page 33 and 34: al., 1990). Repeated handling data
Page 35 and 36: have increased the demand for IP co
Page 37 and 38: (3) develop and evaluate particle m
Page 39 and 40: Cupp, O. S., D. E. Walker, and J. H
Page 41 and 42: NIOSH. 1983. Occupational Safety in
Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER 2 - REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.
Page 45 and 46: Amornthewaphat et al. (1999) found
Page 47 and 48: EPA, 2007). PM-2.5, PM-4, and PM-10
Page 49 and 50: (geometric standard deviation) of c
Page 51 and 52: demand for safer identity-preserved
Page 53 and 54: 2.2.3 Identity Preservation, Segreg
Page 55 and 56: labeling regulations. On the other
Page 57 and 58: USDA ERS (2001) enumerated several
Page 59 and 60: Machinery Floor #8 Scale Floor #7 C
Page 61 and 62: (first-in, first-out) queue service
Page 63 and 64: experiment. Data suggested that con
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Page 67 and 68: 2.2.8.2.2 Degree of Mixedness Weide
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of groups or clusters of adjacent p
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problems in engineering and applied
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al., 1992; Di Renzo and Di Maio, 20
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the non-linear contact model (e.g.,
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Wightman et al. (1998) applied DEM
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(G) for an elastic, homogenous, and
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contacts, and this couple resists p
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angle of friction and is independen
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2.2.11 Summary Customers around the
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Bardet, J. P., and Q. Huang. 1993.
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Carter, C. A., and G. P. Gruere. 20
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Falck-Zepeda, J. B., G. Traxler, an
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Hanna, H. M., D. H. Jarboe, and G.
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James, C. 2004. Global status of co
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Li, Y., Y. Xu, and C. Thornton. 200
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Mustoe, G. G. W., and M. Miyata. 20
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Roseman, B., and M. B. Donald. 1962
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Taylor, M. R., and J. S. Tick. 2001
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Vu-Quoc, L., X. Zhang, and O. R. Wa
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CHAPTER 3 - Feed Pellet and Corn Du
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commercial handling study caused 4.
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separators was 5.0 m 3 ·s -1 and t
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Standard S269.4 (ASAE Standards, 20
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3.3 Results and Discussion 3.3.1 Pa
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Zatari et al. (1990) indicated that
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Table 3.3 Mean total collected dust
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ASTM Standards. 2000. E300-92: Stan
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CHAPTER 4 - Size Distribution and R
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fills the gap where no complete PSD
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4 3 4 1 5 6 7 2 B 8 - Dust sample c
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mm diameter sampling probe, a 0.20-
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4.2.5 Data Analysis The four wheat
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Table 4.4 Mean dust mass flow rates
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different. The sampling methods wer
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4.3.2.2 Shelled Corn - Effect of Re
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The percentage of PM-2.5 from the u
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4.5 References ACGIH. 1997. 1997 Th
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Pearson, T., J. D. Wilson, J. Gwirt
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true physics with a manageable numb
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119 Grain/ Oilseed Kernels Paramete
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5.2.2 Particle Density Particle den
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their simulations. The authors foun
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125 Particle Length (mm), l Particl
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DEM is a numerical modeling techniq
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Table 5.4 Variations of each model
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Test No. 1-sphere Table 5.6 Combina
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Table 5.7 Properties of the four pa
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also drawn with the standard 31.75-
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Both the actual particle motions an
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5.4.1 Bulk Density Test Bulk densit
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as the number of spheres in a parti
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With tradeoffs between bulk density
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Bardet, J. P., and Q. Huang. 1993.
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Herrman, T. J., M. A. Boland, K. Ag
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I: theory, model development and va
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Zhang, X., and L. Vu-Quoc. 2002. A
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from physics. A mechanistic model o
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coefficients are given, respectivel
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26% of the radiated energy. Thus, i
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6.2.3 Three-Dimensional (3D) Modeli
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Figure 6.1 Initial 3D simulation du
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(a) (b) Figure 6.2 Quasi-2D simulat
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left hand side (LHS) opening Width
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Figure 6.4 Schematic diagram of the
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After the clear soybean handling, t
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Instantaneous Commingling (%) Insta
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Average Commingling (%) in Discrete
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Instantaneous Commingling (%) 6.0 5
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(a) (b) Figure 6.12 Quasi-2D (6d_vi
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Figure 6.15 Quasi-2D (6d_vib0_gate)
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Slide gate (a) (b) Figure 6.16 Quas
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Average Commingling (%) in Discrete
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and grain handlers reduce costs dur
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Kawaguchi, T., M. Sakamoto, T. Tana
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Zhou, Y. C., B. H. Xu, A. B. Yu, an
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• For both wheat and shelled corn
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Appendix A - Supporting Data Data f
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Table A.7 Pellet durability index (
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Table A.14 Initial mass of corn sam
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Table A.20 Percentage of whole and
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Table A.26 Percentage of corn dust
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Table A.32 Mass flow rate of wheat
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Cumulative Volume, % 100 90 80 70 6
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Table A.42 Mass concentration of co
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Cumulative Volume, % 100 90 80 70 6
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Data for Chapter 5 Table A.52 Publi
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Length (mm), l Width (mm), w Thickn
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215 Seed Volume (mm 3 ), V Seed Den
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Table A.58 Published physical prope
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219 Table A.61 Published physical p
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Length (mm), l Width (mm), w Thickn
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223 Parameters Length (mm), l Width
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225 2.07 ± 0.016 C 1.84 ± 0.016 C
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227 Table A.69 Data of single-kerne
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Table A.71 Coefficient of restituti
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Table A.84 Bulk density results fro
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Table A.85 Angle of repose results
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Table A.85 Angle of repose results
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249 Bag No. Test No. Table A.87 Moi
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Table A.91 Particle density of red
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Table A.96 Instantaneous comminglin
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Table A.100 Instantaneous commingli
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257 Actual Sampling Time Interval,
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Instantaneous Commingling (%) Avera
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Square-root of Pressure Drop , in.
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