QUALITY CHANGES, DUST GENERATION, AND COMMINGLING ...

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Table A.17 Moisture content (%) of corn samples from repeated handling............................... 198 Table A.18 Percentage of broken corn that passed through 4.76-mm (12/64-in.) round-hole sieve. ............................................................................................................................................. 198 Table A.19 Percentage of whole corn on top of the 4.76-mm (12/64-in.) round-hole sieve...... 198 Table A.20 Percentage of whole and broken corn...................................................................... 199 Table A.21 Durability index of corn samples from selected transfers. ...................................... 199 Table A.22 Apparent geometric mean diameter (GMD) of corn samples from repeated handling. ............................................................................................................................................. 199 Table A.23 Geometric standard deviation (GSD) of corn samples from repeated handling...... 200 Table A.24 Apparent geometric standard deviation (GSDw) of corn samples from repeated handling............................................................................................................................... 200 Table A.25 Total collected dust from repeated handling of corn. .............................................. 200 Table A.26 Percentage of corn dust
Table A.39 Percentage of particulate matter of the total wheat dust (% PM) from the upper duct (set B).................................................................................................................................. 206 Table A.40 Material flow rate of corn during handling. [a] ......................................................... 206 Table A.41 Mass concentration of corn dust collected from lower duct (set A)........................ 206 Table A.42 Mass concentration of corn dust collected from upper duct (set B). ....................... 207 Table A.43 Mass flow rate of corn dust – from lower duct (set A)............................................ 207 Table A.44 Mass flow rate of corn dust – from upper duct (set B). ........................................... 207 Table A.45 Geometric mean diameter (GMD) of corn dust collected from lower duct (set A). 207 Table A.46 Geometric mean diameter (GMD) of corn dust collected from upper duct (set B). 208 Table A.47 Geometric standard deviation (GSD) of corn dust collected from lower duct (set A). ............................................................................................................................................. 208 Table A.48 Geometric standard deviation (GSD) of corn dust collected from upper duct (set B). ............................................................................................................................................. 208 Table A.49 Percentage of particulate matter of the total corn dust (% PM) from the lower duct (set A).................................................................................................................................. 209 Table A.50 Percentage of particulate matter of the total corn dust (% PM) from the upper duct (set B).................................................................................................................................. 210 Table A.51 Particle densities of wheat and corn dusts. .............................................................. 210 Table A.52 Published physical properties of soybeans without moisture content. .................... 211 Table A.53 Published physical properties of corn with moisture content. ................................. 212 Table A.54 Published physical properties of corn without moisture content............................. 213 Table A.55 Published physical properties of wheat with moisture content................................ 214 Table A.56 Published physical properties of wheat without moisture content........................... 216 Table A.57 Published physical properties of grain sorghum with moisture content.................. 216 Table A.58 Published physical properties of grain sorghum without moisture content............. 217 Table A.59 Published physical properties of rice without moisture content. ............................. 217 Table A.60 Published physical properties of rice with moisture content. .................................. 218 Table A.61 Published physical properties of barley with moisture content. .............................. 219 Table A.62 Published physical properties of barley without moisture content. ......................... 221 Table A.63 Published physical properties of oats without moisture content.............................. 221 Table A.64 Published physical properties of oats with moisture content................................... 222 xix
Page 1 and 2: QUALITY CHANGES, DUST GENERATION, A
Page 3 and 4: soybean during handling with a comm
Page 5 and 6: Copyright JOSEPHINE MINA BOAC 2010
Page 7 and 8: soybean during handling with a comm
Page 9 and 10: 2.2.7 Grain Commingling ...........
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 5 - Material and Interactio
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures Figure 2.1 Identity
Page 15 and 16: Figure A.1 Mean cumulative and mean
Page 17: Table 5.5 Experimental data for sta
Page 21 and 22: Table A.81 Coefficient of restituti
Page 23 and 24: List of Symbols Ci Instantaneous co
Page 25 and 26: P Conditional probability of the ra
Page 27 and 28: σr σo τi τij ωb ωn ω0 Standa
Page 29 and 30: To Mrs. Maxine Jevons and all my co
Page 31 and 32: 1.1 Background CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUC
Page 33 and 34: al., 1990). Repeated handling data
Page 35 and 36: have increased the demand for IP co
Page 37 and 38: (3) develop and evaluate particle m
Page 39 and 40: Cupp, O. S., D. E. Walker, and J. H
Page 41 and 42: NIOSH. 1983. Occupational Safety in
Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER 2 - REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.
Page 45 and 46: Amornthewaphat et al. (1999) found
Page 47 and 48: EPA, 2007). PM-2.5, PM-4, and PM-10
Page 49 and 50: (geometric standard deviation) of c
Page 51 and 52: demand for safer identity-preserved
Page 53 and 54: 2.2.3 Identity Preservation, Segreg
Page 55 and 56: labeling regulations. On the other
Page 57 and 58: USDA ERS (2001) enumerated several
Page 59 and 60: Machinery Floor #8 Scale Floor #7 C
Page 61 and 62: (first-in, first-out) queue service
Page 63 and 64: experiment. Data suggested that con
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Page 67 and 68: 2.2.8.2.2 Degree of Mixedness Weide
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1 ∑ 1 − n i= ( x − x) 2 s s =
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of groups or clusters of adjacent p
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problems in engineering and applied
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al., 1992; Di Renzo and Di Maio, 20
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the non-linear contact model (e.g.,
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Wightman et al. (1998) applied DEM
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(G) for an elastic, homogenous, and
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contacts, and this couple resists p
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angle of friction and is independen
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2.2.11 Summary Customers around the
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Bardet, J. P., and Q. Huang. 1993.
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Carter, C. A., and G. P. Gruere. 20
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Falck-Zepeda, J. B., G. Traxler, an
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Hanna, H. M., D. H. Jarboe, and G.
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James, C. 2004. Global status of co
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Li, Y., Y. Xu, and C. Thornton. 200
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Mustoe, G. G. W., and M. Miyata. 20
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Roseman, B., and M. B. Donald. 1962
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Taylor, M. R., and J. S. Tick. 2001
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Vu-Quoc, L., X. Zhang, and O. R. Wa
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CHAPTER 3 - Feed Pellet and Corn Du
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commercial handling study caused 4.
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separators was 5.0 m 3 ·s -1 and t
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Standard S269.4 (ASAE Standards, 20
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3.3 Results and Discussion 3.3.1 Pa
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Zatari et al. (1990) indicated that
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Table 3.3 Mean total collected dust
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ASTM Standards. 2000. E300-92: Stan
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CHAPTER 4 - Size Distribution and R
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fills the gap where no complete PSD
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4 3 4 1 5 6 7 2 B 8 - Dust sample c
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mm diameter sampling probe, a 0.20-
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4.2.5 Data Analysis The four wheat
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Table 4.4 Mean dust mass flow rates
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different. The sampling methods wer
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4.3.2.2 Shelled Corn - Effect of Re
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The percentage of PM-2.5 from the u
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4.5 References ACGIH. 1997. 1997 Th
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Pearson, T., J. D. Wilson, J. Gwirt
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true physics with a manageable numb
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119 Grain/ Oilseed Kernels Paramete
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5.2.2 Particle Density Particle den
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their simulations. The authors foun
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125 Particle Length (mm), l Particl
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DEM is a numerical modeling techniq
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Table 5.4 Variations of each model
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Test No. 1-sphere Table 5.6 Combina
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Table 5.7 Properties of the four pa
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also drawn with the standard 31.75-
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Both the actual particle motions an
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5.4.1 Bulk Density Test Bulk densit
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as the number of spheres in a parti
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With tradeoffs between bulk density
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Bardet, J. P., and Q. Huang. 1993.
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Herrman, T. J., M. A. Boland, K. Ag
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I: theory, model development and va
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Zhang, X., and L. Vu-Quoc. 2002. A
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from physics. A mechanistic model o
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coefficients are given, respectivel
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26% of the radiated energy. Thus, i
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6.2.3 Three-Dimensional (3D) Modeli
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Figure 6.1 Initial 3D simulation du
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(a) (b) Figure 6.2 Quasi-2D simulat
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left hand side (LHS) opening Width
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Figure 6.4 Schematic diagram of the
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After the clear soybean handling, t
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Instantaneous Commingling (%) Insta
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Average Commingling (%) in Discrete
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Instantaneous Commingling (%) 6.0 5
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(a) (b) Figure 6.12 Quasi-2D (6d_vi
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Figure 6.15 Quasi-2D (6d_vib0_gate)
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Slide gate (a) (b) Figure 6.16 Quas
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Average Commingling (%) in Discrete
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and grain handlers reduce costs dur
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Kawaguchi, T., M. Sakamoto, T. Tana
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Zhou, Y. C., B. H. Xu, A. B. Yu, an
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• For both wheat and shelled corn
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Appendix A - Supporting Data Data f
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Table A.7 Pellet durability index (
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Table A.14 Initial mass of corn sam
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Table A.20 Percentage of whole and
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Table A.26 Percentage of corn dust
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Table A.32 Mass flow rate of wheat
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Cumulative Volume, % 100 90 80 70 6
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Table A.42 Mass concentration of co
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Cumulative Volume, % 100 90 80 70 6
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Data for Chapter 5 Table A.52 Publi
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Length (mm), l Width (mm), w Thickn
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215 Seed Volume (mm 3 ), V Seed Den
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Table A.58 Published physical prope
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219 Table A.61 Published physical p
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Length (mm), l Width (mm), w Thickn
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223 Parameters Length (mm), l Width
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225 2.07 ± 0.016 C 1.84 ± 0.016 C
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227 Table A.69 Data of single-kerne
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Table A.71 Coefficient of restituti
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Table A.84 Bulk density results fro
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Table A.85 Angle of repose results
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Table A.85 Angle of repose results
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249 Bag No. Test No. Table A.87 Moi
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Table A.91 Particle density of red
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Table A.96 Instantaneous comminglin
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Table A.100 Instantaneous commingli
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257 Actual Sampling Time Interval,
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Instantaneous Commingling (%) Avera
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Square-root of Pressure Drop , in.
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