QUALITY CHANGES, DUST GENERATION, AND COMMINGLING ...

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US EPA. 2003. Grain elevator and processes. In Chapter 9: Food and Agricultural Industries. Emission Factors/ AP-42. 5th ed. Vol. I. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available at: www.epa.gov/ ttn/chief/ap42/ch09/index.html. Accessed 29 May 2008. US EPA. 2007. Particulate Matter (PM) Standards. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available at: www.epa.gov/pm/ standards.html. Accessed 31 March 2008. US FDA. 2006. Strategic partnership program agroterrorism (SPPA) initiative. First-Year Status Report. September 2005 - June 2006. Silver Spring, Md.: U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Available at: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/agroter5.html. Accessed 15 May 2007. Vachal, K., and H. Reichert. 2003. U.S. containerized grain and oilseed exports industry survey. Research Report for Transportation and Marketing Programs, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Wallace, D. 2000. Grain handling and processing. In Air Pollution Engineering Manual, 463- 473. W. T. Davis, ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Wightman, C., M. Moakher, F. J. Muzzio, and O. R. Walton. 1998. Simulation of flow and mixing of particles in a rotating and rocking cylinder. Journal of American Institute of Chemical Engineers 44(6): 1266-1276. Zatari, I. M., P. R. Ferket, and S. E. Scheideler. 1990. Effect of pellet integrity, calcium lignosulfonate, and dietary energy on performance of summer-raised broiler chickens. Poultry Science 69(Suppl. 1): 198. 12
CHAPTER 2 - REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Effect of Handling on Quality and Dust Generation in Grain and Feed 2.1.1 Handling of Grain Repeated handling in an elevator affects quality of grains. Previous studies have been conducted on the durability of corn during handling. Baker et al. (1986) found that breakage susceptibility of shelled corn increased significantly during handling in pneumatic conveying systems with approximately 100-mm-diameter pipe. Tests involved total lengths of 31 to 60 m, with two to four 90-degree elbows with a 1.22-m radius of curvature. Foster and Holman (1973) studied physical damage (breakage) to corn, wheat, soybeans, and dry edible peas by commercial handling methods. Commercial handling methods included in their study were dropping products by free fall (simulating bin filling), dropping products through a spout (simulating railcar filling), grain throwing (simulating the loading of barges and ship holds), and handling products in a bucket elevator. Variables involved in corn breakage caused by commercial handling were free-fall height, impact surface, and corn moisture content, and temperature. Corn dropped from a height of 12 m onto corn in the commercial handling study caused 4.3% breakage with 12.6% moisture content at -3.8°C, and 0.25% breakage with 15.2% moisture content at -5.0°C. Breakage of corn handled decreased at higher grain temperatures. Data on repeated handling of shelled corn in the USDA-ARS-CGAHR research elevator at Manhattan, Kansas, have been reported. Martin and Stephens (1977) repeatedly transferred corn alternately between two bins. Percentage of breakage of corn kernels increased linearly during the repeated handling tests. They observed breakage within the range reported by Foster and Holman (1973). The corn had an average free fall of 16 m in the two bins. It had a moisture content of about 13% and a temperature of 11°C. A constant increase in breakage during 20 repeated transfers was also observed similar to the observations of Foster and Holman (1973). Converse and Eckhoff (1989) observed linear increases in broken corn and fine materials during repeated handling of six lots of corn that had been subjected to different drying treatments. Rates of increase were generally higher for corn dried at higher temperatures. 13
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Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 5 - Material and Interactio
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Page 29 and 30: To Mrs. Maxine Jevons and all my co
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Page 35 and 36: have increased the demand for IP co
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Page 41: NIOSH. 1983. Occupational Safety in
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Falck-Zepeda, J. B., G. Traxler, an
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Hanna, H. M., D. H. Jarboe, and G.
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James, C. 2004. Global status of co
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Li, Y., Y. Xu, and C. Thornton. 200
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Mustoe, G. G. W., and M. Miyata. 20
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Roseman, B., and M. B. Donald. 1962
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Taylor, M. R., and J. S. Tick. 2001
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Vu-Quoc, L., X. Zhang, and O. R. Wa
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CHAPTER 3 - Feed Pellet and Corn Du
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commercial handling study caused 4.
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separators was 5.0 m 3 ·s -1 and t
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Standard S269.4 (ASAE Standards, 20
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3.3 Results and Discussion 3.3.1 Pa
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Zatari et al. (1990) indicated that
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Table 3.3 Mean total collected dust
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ASTM Standards. 2000. E300-92: Stan
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CHAPTER 4 - Size Distribution and R
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fills the gap where no complete PSD
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4 3 4 1 5 6 7 2 B 8 - Dust sample c
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mm diameter sampling probe, a 0.20-
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4.2.5 Data Analysis The four wheat
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Table 4.4 Mean dust mass flow rates
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different. The sampling methods wer
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4.3.2.2 Shelled Corn - Effect of Re
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The percentage of PM-2.5 from the u
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4.5 References ACGIH. 1997. 1997 Th
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Pearson, T., J. D. Wilson, J. Gwirt
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true physics with a manageable numb
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119 Grain/ Oilseed Kernels Paramete
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5.2.2 Particle Density Particle den
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their simulations. The authors foun
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125 Particle Length (mm), l Particl
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DEM is a numerical modeling techniq
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Table 5.4 Variations of each model
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Test No. 1-sphere Table 5.6 Combina
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Table 5.7 Properties of the four pa
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also drawn with the standard 31.75-
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Both the actual particle motions an
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5.4.1 Bulk Density Test Bulk densit
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as the number of spheres in a parti
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With tradeoffs between bulk density
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Bardet, J. P., and Q. Huang. 1993.
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Herrman, T. J., M. A. Boland, K. Ag
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I: theory, model development and va
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Zhang, X., and L. Vu-Quoc. 2002. A
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from physics. A mechanistic model o
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coefficients are given, respectivel
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26% of the radiated energy. Thus, i
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6.2.3 Three-Dimensional (3D) Modeli
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Figure 6.1 Initial 3D simulation du
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(a) (b) Figure 6.2 Quasi-2D simulat
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left hand side (LHS) opening Width
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Figure 6.4 Schematic diagram of the
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After the clear soybean handling, t
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Instantaneous Commingling (%) Insta
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Average Commingling (%) in Discrete
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Instantaneous Commingling (%) 6.0 5
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(a) (b) Figure 6.12 Quasi-2D (6d_vi
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Figure 6.15 Quasi-2D (6d_vib0_gate)
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Slide gate (a) (b) Figure 6.16 Quas
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Average Commingling (%) in Discrete
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and grain handlers reduce costs dur
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Kawaguchi, T., M. Sakamoto, T. Tana
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Zhou, Y. C., B. H. Xu, A. B. Yu, an
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• For both wheat and shelled corn
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Appendix A - Supporting Data Data f
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Table A.7 Pellet durability index (
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Table A.14 Initial mass of corn sam
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Table A.20 Percentage of whole and
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Table A.26 Percentage of corn dust
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Table A.32 Mass flow rate of wheat
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Cumulative Volume, % 100 90 80 70 6
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Table A.42 Mass concentration of co
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Cumulative Volume, % 100 90 80 70 6
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Data for Chapter 5 Table A.52 Publi
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Length (mm), l Width (mm), w Thickn
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215 Seed Volume (mm 3 ), V Seed Den
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Table A.58 Published physical prope
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219 Table A.61 Published physical p
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Length (mm), l Width (mm), w Thickn
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223 Parameters Length (mm), l Width
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225 2.07 ± 0.016 C 1.84 ± 0.016 C
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227 Table A.69 Data of single-kerne
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Table A.71 Coefficient of restituti
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Table A.84 Bulk density results fro
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Table A.85 Angle of repose results
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Table A.85 Angle of repose results
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249 Bag No. Test No. Table A.87 Moi
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Table A.91 Particle density of red
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Table A.96 Instantaneous comminglin
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Table A.100 Instantaneous commingli
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257 Actual Sampling Time Interval,
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Instantaneous Commingling (%) Avera
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Square-root of Pressure Drop , in.
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