QUALITY CHANGES, DUST GENERATION, AND COMMINGLING ...

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Kn Kt KEi KEr Normal stiffness coefficient, N·m -1 Tangential stiffness coefficient, N·m -1 Total kinetic energy before collisions, J Total kinetic energy after collisions, J l Particle length, mm lb Length of soybean, mm M Added percentage moisture content, dimensionless Mi mn mc md mr Mixing index, dimensionless Mass of one seed or particle, kg (n = i, j, for particles i and j) Mass of clear soybeans, kg Mass of dust collected on the filter, g Mass of red soybeans, kg m * Equivalent mass of particles in contact, kg mcf mp Bucket cup filling or mass of grain in a bucket cup, g·cup -1 Total mass of particles filling the test weight kettle, kg m& Mass flow rate of particles in simulation with original control volume, kg·s 0 -1 m& Mass flow rate of particles in simulation with reduced control volume, kg·s n -1 (n = 4, 5, 6, 7) m& Mass flow rate of dust, g·s d -1 m& Mass flow rate equivalent of dust generated during handling, g·t e -1 m& Mass flow rate of grain, t·s g -1 m& Mass flow rate of soybeans, t·h s -1 N Number of particles in simulation, dimensionless N Number of samples from dividing the entire batch of the mixture, dimensionless Nb ns Boot pulley speed, rpm Number of spot samples, dimensionless n Specific surface of the solid relative to a sphere, dimensionless f np Number of particles in each sample, dimensionless n& Particle rate in simulation with original control volume, particle·s 0 -1 n& Particle rate in simulation with reduced control volume, particle·s n -1 (n = 4, 5, 6, 7) xxiv
P Conditional probability of the random variable p Overall proportion of particles of a given component in the whole mixture PM-2.5 Particulate matter with equivalent aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 µm or less PM-4.0 Particulate matter with equivalent aerodynamic diameter of 4.0 µm or less PM-10 Particulate matter with equivalent aerodynamic diameter of 10 µm or less Qc Qs Volumetric flow rate of air through the collection duct, m 3 ·s -1 Sampling volumetric flow rate (through the sampling probe), m 3 ·s -1 R * Equivalent radius of particles in contact, m R0 Rn R rb re Distance of the contact point from the center of the mass, m Radius of sphere or particle, mm (n = i, j, for particles i and j) Average particle radius, m Radius of the boot pulley (and the belt thickness), m Equivalent particle or seed radius, mm S Specific gravity of the granular material, dimensionless s Tangential decomposition of the unit vector, dimensionless sc ss t Time, s tc ti tR tS tθ Bucket cup spacing, m·cup -1 Sample standard deviation from spot samples Critical time step, s Sampling time interval, s Rayleigh time step, s Simulation time step, s Time when particles began to move during angle of repose test, s V Particle or seed volume, mm 3 Vk vn vb Volume of the test weight kettle, m 3 Translational velocity of the particle, m·s -1 (n = i, j, for particles i and j) Boot belt speed, m·s -1 t v Relative tangential velocity of colliding particles, m·s rel -1 w Particle width, mm wb Width of soybeans, mm xxv
Page 1 and 2: QUALITY CHANGES, DUST GENERATION, A
Page 3 and 4: soybean during handling with a comm
Page 5 and 6: Copyright JOSEPHINE MINA BOAC 2010
Page 7 and 8: soybean during handling with a comm
Page 9 and 10: 2.2.7 Grain Commingling ...........
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 5 - Material and Interactio
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures Figure 2.1 Identity
Page 15 and 16: Figure A.1 Mean cumulative and mean
Page 17 and 18: Table 5.5 Experimental data for sta
Page 19 and 20: Table A.39 Percentage of particulat
Page 21 and 22: Table A.81 Coefficient of restituti
Page 23: List of Symbols Ci Instantaneous co
Page 27 and 28: σr σo τi τij ωb ωn ω0 Standa
Page 29 and 30: To Mrs. Maxine Jevons and all my co
Page 31 and 32: 1.1 Background CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUC
Page 33 and 34: al., 1990). Repeated handling data
Page 35 and 36: have increased the demand for IP co
Page 37 and 38: (3) develop and evaluate particle m
Page 39 and 40: Cupp, O. S., D. E. Walker, and J. H
Page 41 and 42: NIOSH. 1983. Occupational Safety in
Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER 2 - REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.
Page 45 and 46: Amornthewaphat et al. (1999) found
Page 47 and 48: EPA, 2007). PM-2.5, PM-4, and PM-10
Page 49 and 50: (geometric standard deviation) of c
Page 51 and 52: demand for safer identity-preserved
Page 53 and 54: 2.2.3 Identity Preservation, Segreg
Page 55 and 56: labeling regulations. On the other
Page 57 and 58: USDA ERS (2001) enumerated several
Page 59 and 60: Machinery Floor #8 Scale Floor #7 C
Page 61 and 62: (first-in, first-out) queue service
Page 63 and 64: experiment. Data suggested that con
Page 65 and 66: compositions, properties, or temper
Page 67 and 68: 2.2.8.2.2 Degree of Mixedness Weide
Page 69 and 70: 1 ∑ 1 − n i= ( x − x) 2 s s =
Page 71 and 72: of groups or clusters of adjacent p
Page 73 and 74: problems in engineering and applied
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al., 1992; Di Renzo and Di Maio, 20
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the non-linear contact model (e.g.,
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Wightman et al. (1998) applied DEM
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(G) for an elastic, homogenous, and
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contacts, and this couple resists p
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angle of friction and is independen
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2.2.11 Summary Customers around the
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Bardet, J. P., and Q. Huang. 1993.
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Carter, C. A., and G. P. Gruere. 20
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Falck-Zepeda, J. B., G. Traxler, an
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Hanna, H. M., D. H. Jarboe, and G.
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James, C. 2004. Global status of co
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Li, Y., Y. Xu, and C. Thornton. 200
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Mustoe, G. G. W., and M. Miyata. 20
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Roseman, B., and M. B. Donald. 1962
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Taylor, M. R., and J. S. Tick. 2001
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Vu-Quoc, L., X. Zhang, and O. R. Wa
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CHAPTER 3 - Feed Pellet and Corn Du
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commercial handling study caused 4.
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separators was 5.0 m 3 ·s -1 and t
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Standard S269.4 (ASAE Standards, 20
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3.3 Results and Discussion 3.3.1 Pa
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Zatari et al. (1990) indicated that
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Table 3.3 Mean total collected dust
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ASTM Standards. 2000. E300-92: Stan
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CHAPTER 4 - Size Distribution and R
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fills the gap where no complete PSD
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4 3 4 1 5 6 7 2 B 8 - Dust sample c
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mm diameter sampling probe, a 0.20-
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4.2.5 Data Analysis The four wheat
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Table 4.4 Mean dust mass flow rates
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different. The sampling methods wer
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4.3.2.2 Shelled Corn - Effect of Re
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The percentage of PM-2.5 from the u
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4.5 References ACGIH. 1997. 1997 Th
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Pearson, T., J. D. Wilson, J. Gwirt
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true physics with a manageable numb
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119 Grain/ Oilseed Kernels Paramete
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5.2.2 Particle Density Particle den
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their simulations. The authors foun
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125 Particle Length (mm), l Particl
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DEM is a numerical modeling techniq
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Table 5.4 Variations of each model
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Test No. 1-sphere Table 5.6 Combina
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Table 5.7 Properties of the four pa
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also drawn with the standard 31.75-
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Both the actual particle motions an
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5.4.1 Bulk Density Test Bulk densit
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as the number of spheres in a parti
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With tradeoffs between bulk density
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Bardet, J. P., and Q. Huang. 1993.
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Herrman, T. J., M. A. Boland, K. Ag
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I: theory, model development and va
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Zhang, X., and L. Vu-Quoc. 2002. A
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from physics. A mechanistic model o
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coefficients are given, respectivel
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26% of the radiated energy. Thus, i
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6.2.3 Three-Dimensional (3D) Modeli
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Figure 6.1 Initial 3D simulation du
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(a) (b) Figure 6.2 Quasi-2D simulat
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left hand side (LHS) opening Width
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Figure 6.4 Schematic diagram of the
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After the clear soybean handling, t
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Instantaneous Commingling (%) Insta
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Average Commingling (%) in Discrete
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Instantaneous Commingling (%) 6.0 5
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(a) (b) Figure 6.12 Quasi-2D (6d_vi
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Figure 6.15 Quasi-2D (6d_vib0_gate)
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Slide gate (a) (b) Figure 6.16 Quas
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Average Commingling (%) in Discrete
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and grain handlers reduce costs dur
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Kawaguchi, T., M. Sakamoto, T. Tana
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Zhou, Y. C., B. H. Xu, A. B. Yu, an
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• For both wheat and shelled corn
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Appendix A - Supporting Data Data f
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Table A.7 Pellet durability index (
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Table A.14 Initial mass of corn sam
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Table A.20 Percentage of whole and
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Table A.26 Percentage of corn dust
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Table A.32 Mass flow rate of wheat
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Cumulative Volume, % 100 90 80 70 6
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Table A.42 Mass concentration of co
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Cumulative Volume, % 100 90 80 70 6
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Data for Chapter 5 Table A.52 Publi
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Length (mm), l Width (mm), w Thickn
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215 Seed Volume (mm 3 ), V Seed Den
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Table A.58 Published physical prope
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219 Table A.61 Published physical p
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Length (mm), l Width (mm), w Thickn
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223 Parameters Length (mm), l Width
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225 2.07 ± 0.016 C 1.84 ± 0.016 C
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227 Table A.69 Data of single-kerne
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Table A.71 Coefficient of restituti
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Table A.84 Bulk density results fro
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Table A.85 Angle of repose results
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Table A.85 Angle of repose results
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249 Bag No. Test No. Table A.87 Moi
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Table A.91 Particle density of red
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Table A.96 Instantaneous comminglin
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Table A.100 Instantaneous commingli
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257 Actual Sampling Time Interval,
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Instantaneous Commingling (%) Avera
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Square-root of Pressure Drop , in.
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