THE "SUMMA THEOLOGICA"

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_. 90_ ART. 2 THE " SUMMA THEOLOGICA" z56 as Augustine relates (De Cir. Dei vii. 6).* So some supposed man's soul to be part of that one soul, as man is a part of the whole world ; for they were unable to go so far as to understand the different degrees of spiritual substance, except according to the distinction of bodies. But, all these theories are impossible, as proved above (Q. III., AA. 1, 8; and Q. LXXV., A. I), wherefore it is evidently false that the soul is of the substance of God. Reply Obj. i. The term " breathe" is not to be taken in the material sense; but as regards the act of God, to breathe (spirare), is the same as to make a spirit. Moreover, in the material sense, man by breathing does not send forth anything of his own substance, but an extraneous thing. Reply Obj. 2. Although the soul is a simple form in its essence, yet it is not its own existence, but is a being by participation, as above explained (Q. LXXV., A. 5, ad 4). Therefore it is not a pure act like God. Reply Obj. 3. That which differs, properly speaking, differs in something ; wherefore we seek for difference where we find also resemblance. For this reason things which differ must in some way be compound; since they differ in something, and in something resemble each other. In this sense, although all that differ are diverse, yet all things that are diverse do not differ. For simple things are diverse; yet do not differ from one another by differences which enter into their composition. For instance, a man and a horse differ by tile difference of rational and irrational ; but we cannot say that these again differ by some further difference. SECOND ARTICLE. WHETHER THE SOUL WAS PRODUCED BY CREATION We _,roceed th_s to the Second A_ticle :_ Objection I. It would seem that the soul was not produced by creation. For that which has in itself something • The words as quoted are to be found iv. it.
257 PRODUCTION OF MAN'S SOUL Q. 90. AR,. 2 material is produced from matter. But the soul is in part material, since it is not a pure act. Therefor0 the soul was made of matter; and hence it was not created. Obj. 2. Further, every actuality of matter is educed from the potentiality of that matter; for since matter is in potentiality to act, any act pre-exists in matter potentially. But the soul is the act of corporeal matter, as is clear from its definition. Therefore the soul is educed from the potentiality of matter. Obj. 3. Further, the soul is a form. Therefore, if the soul is created, all other forms also are created. Thus no forms would come into existence by generation; which is not true. On the contrary, It is written (Gen. i. 27) : God created man to His own image. But man is like to God in his soul. Therefore tile soul was created. I answer that, The rational soul can be made only by creation; which, however, is not true of other forms. The reason is because, since to be made is the way to existence, a thing must be made in such a way as is suitable to its mode of existence. Now that properly exists which itself has existence; as it were, subsisting in its own existence. •Wherefore only substances are properly and truly called beings; whereas an accident has not existence, but something is (modified) by it, and so far is it called a being ; for instance, whiteness is called a being, because by it something is white. Hence it is said Metaph. vii. (Did. vi. I) that an accident should be described as 0[ something rather than as something. The same is to be said of all nonsubsistent forms. Therefore, properly speaking, it does not belong to any non-existing form to be made; but such are said to be made through the composite substances being made. On the other hand, the rational soul is a subsistent form, as above explained (Q. LXXV., A. 2). Wherefore it is competent to be and to be made. And since it cannot be made of pre-existing matter,mwhether corporeal, which would render it a corporeal being,----or spiritual, which would involve the transmutation of one spirittml substance L 4 x7
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THE "SUMMA THEOLOGICA" OF ST. THOMA
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1749 .T5 1920 v.4 LETTER FROM THE C
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CONTENTS TREATISE ON MAN QUESTION P
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