Intervention for Dyslexia - The British Dyslexia Association

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very little progress in their first year of school, and that without intervention they might have been expected to reach a rather low level in KS1 National Curriculum assessments, the achievement of levels 2c and above should be regarded as good progress. On this revised criterion of National Curriculum assessments performance, the percentage becomes nearly 70%. 5.4 Quasi-experimental research studies on Reading Recovery in the UK All the UK studies so far mentioned are single-group studies; that is, they gathered outcome measures only from children who had received Reading Recovery and not from any comparison or control groups. This section summarises two UK studies in which the performance of children receiving and not receiving Reading Recovery was compared; the first also contained an alternative intervention. (A third UK comparative study, conducted in Northern Ireland in the late 1990s, did not report results in a manner allowing the calculation of impact measures.) 5.4.1 The London and Surrey study, 1992–96 This study was originally reported in Sylva and Hurry (1995a, b) and Hurry and Sylva (1998), all of which have now been superseded by Hurry and Sylva (2007); this last reference is the main basis for the following summary. It should be borne in mind that this study took place before significant amounts of phonics were added to Reading Recovery. Approximately 400 children in 63 schools in London and Surrey were studied, with 95 children being assigned to Reading Recovery tuition and 97 to an alternative intervention called Phonological Training, and the remainder belonging to comparison groups. The schools were selected such that those in the comparison groups and those providing Phonological Training had similar intakes to those running Reading Recovery programmes. The participants comprised the six poorest readers in Year 2 from each school in the age range 6 years 0 months to 6 years 6 months at the outset (approximately the bottom 20% of readers), selected on the basis of their performance on the Diagnostic Survey (Clay, 1985), forerunner to the Observation Survey. Some of the comparison groups were ‘within-school controls’ (in the schools where the two programmes were running) and the others were ‘between-school controls’ (in schools where neither programme was running). Children on the Reading Recovery programme received an average of 77 30-minute sessions delivered over an average of 21 weeks, and 89% were successfully discontinued. Children on the Phonological Training programme received sound awareness training involving rhyme and alliteration, together with word-building activities involving plastic letters, following the approach developed by Bradley and Bryant (1985) and Kirtley et al. (1989), each child receiving 40 10-minute individual sessions spread over 10 months. The measures used in the study include BAS Word Reading and Spelling, Neale Analysis of Reading Ability, and the Oddities Test, which measures awareness of rhyme and of initial and final phonemes (Kirtley et al., 1989). At the first post-test on completion of intervention, it was found that, on average, children who had received Reading Recovery had made significantly greater progress on all measures compared with between-school controls, and on all measures except 106 Intervention for Dyslexia
phonological awareness compared with within-school controls. The statistically significant effect sizes (all except those for phonological awareness) were in the range 0.63 to 0.87, which are classed as medium to large. Those children who had received Phonological Training made gains that were significant only in measures related to phonological awareness (compared with both within-school and between-school controls), and the few statistically significant effect sizes were mostly smaller (range 0.30–0.72). There was a significant interaction (p
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Intervention for Dyslexia A review
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Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........
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4.3.4 Computer-based screening test
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presuppose any neurological link be
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(0.56 for reading accuracy, 0.91 fo
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instruction in phonics, it cannot b
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Acknowledgements I would like to ex
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The remit calls for conclusions to
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Co-occurring difficulties may be se
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Teacher Status (ATS). In general, c
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Table 1. Why use multisensory teach
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pupils are going to be identified a
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coloured overlay as the criterion f
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have reported standard scores; unfo
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2 Intervention studies in the US an
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progressing normally (36 boys and 2
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training in phonological awareness,
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subtest. All these children were in
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intervention identified by Vaughn a
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Vaughn & Linan-Thompson, 2003). Ove
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1. Lindamood Auditory Discriminatio
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and writing. Students were taught i
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evised as the Lindamood Phoneme Seq
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2.5.10 Torgesen et al. (2004) Torge
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period 1995-2003 were identified, a
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“The actual reading impairment a
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from multisyllabic words. Instructi
Page 55 and 56: 3 UK intervention studies 3.1 Stage
Page 57 and 58: and effect sizes of 0.55 for readin
Page 59 and 60: used Lexia for 10 weeks, after whic
Page 61 and 62: structured phonologically-based sec
Page 63 and 64: 3.3.9 SIDNEY Norgate and Bentote (2
Page 65 and 66: Table 6. Summary of results of UK i
Page 67 and 68: Table 6 (continued). Summary of res
Page 69 and 70: Table 6 (continued). Summary of res
Page 71 and 72: 3.4 Studies in UK specialist dyslex
Page 73 and 74: Rack and Walker (1994) presented an
Page 75 and 76: probably require some 1:1 teaching
Page 77 and 78: & Baker, 2008; Frost et al., 2005;
Page 79 and 80: Unlike traditional learning disabil
Page 81 and 82: According to Wolfendale and Bryans
Page 83 and 84: cases). Glascoe and Byrne (1993) ar
Page 85 and 86: Between 1.0 and 1.4: moderate dysle
Page 87 and 88: provided by a study reported in Faw
Page 89 and 90: Against the many advantages of comp
Page 91 and 92: Peer, 1998). A high overall level o
Page 93 and 94: Recently Singleton and Henderson (2
Page 95 and 96: 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Scope 5 Read
Page 97 and 98: 5.1.4 Reading Recovery and the teac
Page 99 and 100: writing. To be able to work on word
Page 101 and 102: success of the programme appears to
Page 103 and 104: in a meta-analysis. However, the av
Page 105: 5.3.2 Every Child a Reader (ECaR) I
Page 109 and 110: (accuracy or comprehension or both)
Page 111 and 112: 5.5.2 Key Stage 1 results of Readin
Page 113 and 114: 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2
Page 115 and 116: ‘accelerated progress’ children
Page 117 and 118: It is not until Level 2b that child
Page 119 and 120: Reading Recovery specifically benef
Page 121 and 122: 6 Computer technology and support o
Page 123 and 124: 6.2.1 The advantages of computer as
Page 125 and 126: and Olson, 2000). Software designed
Page 127 and 128: new phonic principle was introduced
Page 129 and 130: impact on reading and spelling, par
Page 131 and 132: Berninger, V.W., & Hidi, S. (2006)
Page 133 and 134: Clay, M.M. (1993a) Observation Surv
Page 135 and 136: www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/primary/p
Page 137 and 138: Frost, J. & Sørensen, P.M. (2007)
Page 139 and 140: Hatcher, P.J. (2003) Reading Interv
Page 141 and 142: Kuhn, M.R. & Stahl, S.A. (2003) Flu
Page 143 and 144: Marks, A. & Burden, B. (2005) How U
Page 145 and 146: Olofsson, Å (1992) Synthetic speec
Page 147 and 148: Reason, R. & Boote, R. (1994) Helpi
Page 149 and 150: Singleton, C.H. (1977) Dyslexia or
Page 151 and 152: Speece, D.L., Case, L.P. & Molloy,
Page 153 and 154: Torgesen, J.K., Alexander, A.W., Wa
Page 155 and 156: Vaughn, S. & Roberts, G. (2007) Sec
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Wilson, J. & Frederickson, N. (1995
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