HVAC SYSTEMS - HFT Stuttgart

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NOMENCLATURE Latin letters A [m²] surface, area a1 [ W m -2 K -1 ] heat loss coefficient XIV NOMENCLATURE a2 [ W m -2 K -2 ] temperature dependent heat loss coefficient C [J kg -1 K -1 ] specific heat of liquids and solids cp [J kg -1 K -1 ] specific heat of gases at constant pressure Ceff [J m -2 K -1 ] effective or area related heat capacity Ck [-] cooling tower constant C & [J s -1 K -1 ] capacity flow d [m] diameter D [°dH] Hardness of the fresh water (1°dH = 0.18 mol m -3 ) dz [°dH] Hardness of the circulated water G [W m -2 ] Solar radiation H [m] Height h [J/kg] specific enthalpy hc [W m -2 K -2 ] convective heat transfer coefficient hr [W m -2 K -2 ] irradiative heat transfer coefficient Kθb [-] incident angle modifier for beam radiation Kθd [-] incident angle modifier for diffuse radiation l [m] Length L [m] characteristic length (for Nu, Sh and Re) l0 [kg kg -1 ] effective air to water mass flow rate lmin [kg kg -1 ] minimum air to water mass flow rate m [kg] Mass m& [kg s -1 ] mass flow M [kg mol -1 ] specific molar mass Nu [-] Nusselt-number (heat transmission) P [Pa] (total) pressure Pel [W] electrical power
XV NOMENCLATURE PEF [-] Primary energy factor PER [-] Primary energy ratio Pr [-] Prandtl-number (heat transmission) pv [Pa] partial vapour pressure (in this study always ˆ= p ) pv v, H 2O Q [J] or [kWh] thermal energy / heat Q & [W] Heat flow R [J/kg K] specific gas constant Re [-] Reynolds-number (flow: laminar, turbulent) RH [-] / [%] relative humidity Rm [J/mol K] general/molar gas constant (8.3145 J/mol K) Sc [-] Schmidt-number (mass transmission) Sh [-] Sherwood-number (mass transmission) T [°C] (internal) Temperature t_ [°C] (external) temperature t [s] Time U [W m -2 K -1 ] heat loss coefficient u [m] circumference Ueff [W m -2 K -1 ] effective heat loss coefficient V [m³] Volume V& [m³h -1 ] volume flow rate v [m/s] flow velocity W [m] Width W& [kg s -1 ] water consumption x [kg/kg] absolute humidity of air X [kgLiBr/kgsolutiion] Concentration of LIBr solution
Page 1: MODEL BASED CONTROL OPTIMISATION OF
Page 4 and 5: IV ABSTRACT - For optimised control
Page 6 and 7: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Page 8 and 9: TABLE OF CONTENT VIII TABLE OF CONT
Page 10 and 11: X TABLE OF CONTENT 4.5 ANALYSIS AND
Page 12 and 13: XII TABLE OF CONTENT 6.2 MODEL BASE
Page 16 and 17: Greek Letters α [W/m² K] heat tra
Page 18 and 19: wb wet bulb Abbreviations ACM Absor
Page 20 and 21: Page - 2 - CHAPTER 01 a thermal coo
Page 22 and 23: Page - 4 - CHAPTER 01 explains the
Page 24 and 25: Page - 6 - CHAPTER 01 The concept o
Page 26 and 27: Page - 8 - CHAPTER 01 Mean calculat
Page 28 and 29: Page - 10 - CHAPTER 01 analysed in
Page 30 and 31: 2. MODEL DEVELOPMENT FOR SOLAR COOL
Page 32 and 33: Page - 14 - CHAPTER 02 In the prese
Page 34 and 35: Page - 16 - CHAPTER 02 Within chapt
Page 36 and 37: Page - 18 - CHAPTER 02 b) Simple on
Page 38 and 39: Page - 20 - CHAPTER 02 is off. For
Page 40 and 41: Page - 22 - CHAPTER 02 Since only s
Page 42 and 43: Page - 24 - CHAPTER 02 negative eff
Page 44 and 45: 2.2.1.4 Tubing Page - 26 - CHAPTER
Page 46 and 47: tube fl fl tube tubel Page - 28 - C
Page 48 and 49: Temperature / °C 90 80 70 60 50 40
Page 50 and 51: TH 8 9 Qc & C G E Qe & Fig. 2-6: Sy
Page 52 and 53: Page - 34 - CHAPTER 02 The enthalpy
Page 54 and 55: Page - 36 - CHAPTER 02 With: Heat l
Page 56 and 57: Page - 38 - CHAPTER 02 The so calle
Page 58 and 59: Page - 40 - CHAPTER 02 To further i
Page 60 and 61: Page - 42 - CHAPTER 02 2.2.2.2 Para
Page 62 and 63: e e Page - 44 - CHAPTER 02 The char
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Page - 46 - CHAPTER 02 and chapter
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Model for the dynamic parts of the
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- Absorber/Condenser Q g _ ac & & Q
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Page - 52 - CHAPTER 02 cross sectio
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Page - 54 - CHAPTER 02 conditions l
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With: tw,in tw,out twb Water inlet
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l min m& = m& a w = c ( h − h ) a
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Page - 60 - CHAPTER 02 If the cooli
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Page - 62 - CHAPTER 02 As already d
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Page - 64 - CHAPTER 02 only very fe
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Page - 66 - CHAPTER 02 rejection sy
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Page - 68 - CHAPTER 02 and the UA v
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Page - 70 - CHAPTER 02 different ve
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Page - 72 - CHAPTER 02 −4 −2 2
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Page - 74 - CHAPTER 02 Fig. 2-25: M
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Page - 76 - CHAPTER 02 difference i
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Page - 78 - CHAPTER 02 In this quit
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- Absorbed solar energy Gt , a t a
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CHAPTER 02 Page - 82 - a b a r a a
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Page - 84 - CHAPTER 02 The area rel
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Page - 86 - CHAPTER 03 conditions.
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Page - 88 - CHAPTER 03 was calculat
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Page - 90 - CHAPTER 03 The same bui
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Page - 92 - CHAPTER 03 The specific
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Cooling / Heating power / kW 50 40
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Page - 96 - CHAPTER 03 As visible f
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3.4.2 SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEM MODELS P
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Page - 100 - CHAPTER 03 generator i
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m² kW-1 m² kW-1 Page - 102 - CHAP
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Page - 104 - CHAPTER 03 Fig. 3-16:
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Page - 106 - CHAPTER 03 m 2 kW -1 s
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a f N d ( 1 + d ) ( 1 + d ) − 1 P
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Page - 112 - CHAPTER 03 costs Csola
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Page - 116 - CHAPTER 03 The total a
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Page - 118 - CHAPTER 04 4. Model Ba
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Page - 120 - CHAPTER 04 Germany. De
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Page - 122 - CHAPTER 04 Fig. 4-2: A
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Page - 124 - CHAPTER 04 4.3.2 SYSTE
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Page - 126 - CHAPTER 04 temperature
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Page - 128 - CHAPTER 04 System part
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Page - 130 - CHAPTER 04 performance
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Fig. 4-5: Measured and simulated pe
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Page - 134 - CHAPTER 04 An addition
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Fig. 4-6: Annual electricity consum
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Page - 138 - CHAPTER 04 The values
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Page - 140 - CHAPTER 04 EAW WERACAL
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4.4.6 CONCLUSIONS Page - 142 - CHAP
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Page - 144 - CHAPTER 04 4.5 Analysi
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4.5.2 SIMULATION MODEL AND VALIDATI
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Page - 148 - CHAPTER 04 the start u
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Table 4-4: Analysed storage charge
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4.5.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.5.5.
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Page - 154 - CHAPTER 04 Although co
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Page - 156 - CHAPTER 04 At 09:10am
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Fig. 4-16: Detailed simulation resu
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Fig. 4-17: Detailed simulation resu
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Page - 162 - CHAPTER 04 The thermal
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Page - 164 - CHAPTER 04 Table 4-7:
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4.5.6 CONCLUSIONS Page - 166 - CHAP
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Page - 168 - CHAPTER 04 considered
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Page - 170 - CHAPTER 05 5. MODEL BA
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Page - 172 - CHAPTER 05 optimised s
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Page - 174 - CHAPTER 05 The electri
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5.3.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE CONTROL SY
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Page - 180 - CHAPTER 05 The time se
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5.3.4 ROOM UTILISATION Page - 184 -
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P 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 ⎟ 1 1 ⎟ ⎛ n
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Page - 188 - CHAPTER 05 dehumidific
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Page - 190 - CHAPTER 05 The high ab
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5.4.3 RETURN AIR HUMIDIFIER Page -
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5.4.4 SUPPLY AIR HUMIDIFIER Page -
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Relative humidity / Error / % 120 1
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Fig. 5-22: Detailed view into the r
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Page - 202 - CHAPTER 05 simplificat
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Page - 204 - CHAPTER 05 The relativ
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Cooling power / kW . 14 12 10 8 6 4
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Page - 210 - CHAPTER 05 only slight
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t ⎛ ⎜ 1 u ( t ) = K p ⎜ e ( t
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5.6.2 PE-OPTIMISER (ONLINE TOOL) Pa
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Tr9, xr9 Fig. 5-30: System scheme w
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h h x s 3, max s 3, max max, s 3 =
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Page - 220 - CHAPTER 05 the supply
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Page - 222 - CHAPTER 05 humidificat
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Page - 224 - CHAPTER 05 case 4 the
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Page - 226 - CHAPTER 05 Case 4: Ele
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Page - 228 - CHAPTER 05 shows a sta
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Fig. 5-40: Distribution of the DEC
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Page - 232 - CHAPTER 05 the operati
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5.8.2 DETAILED PERFORMANCE COMPARIS
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Page - 236 - CHAPTER 05 The perform
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Page - 238 - CHAPTER 05 The advance
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Page - 240 - CHAPTER 05 regarded da
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Page - 242 - CHAPTER 05 After the b
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Page - 244 - CHAPTER 05 the DEC sys
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Page 266 and 267:
5.9 CONCLUSIONS Page - 248 - CHAPTE
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Page - 250 - CHAPTER 05 to compete
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6.1 SOLAR DRIVEN CLOSED ABSORPTION
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Page - 254 - CHAPTER 06 6.1.2 MODEL
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Page - 256 - CHAPTER 06 more coolin
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considered and compared: Page - 258
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7. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 7.1 SOLA
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Page - 262 - CHAPTER 07 Apart from
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Page - 264 - CHAPTER 07 7.2 PRIMARY
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Page - 266 - CHAPTER 07 therefore b
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REFERENCES Page - 268 - REFERENCES
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Page - 270 - REFERENCES Park, C., D
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OWN PUBLICATIONS Page - 272 - OWN P
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MODEL DEVELOPMENT 1. ABSORPTION CHI
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With these simplifications we get:
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− t + t E E 9 ⋅ K U Z + t U Z +
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4 4 ⎛ i ⎞ t LiBr ( X , p s ) =
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APPENDIX A: MODEL DEVELOPMENT Page
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C) Absorber/Condenser Q g _ ac & &
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Page - 292 - APPENDIX A: MODEL DEVE
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Page - 294 - APPENDIX A: MODEL DEVE
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Electric power [kW] 0,4 0,35 0,3 0,
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Water consumption [kg/h] 350 300 25
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Technical Data of the Axima Wet Coo
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5. SOLAR COLLECTORS APPENDIX B: SOL
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APPENDIX B: SOLAR COOLING SYSTEM 7.
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3. Cold Storage Tank APPENDIX B: SO
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Case 2: Full storage with bypass De
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APPENDIX C: OPTIMISED CONTROL SEQUE
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APPENDIX D: DETAILED SIMULATION RES
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Module Number 20 2P100 21 2P100 22
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