Integrated Pest Management for Christmas Tree Production: A ...

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IN MEMORIAM We dedicate this publication to Dr. Paul Heller and Dr. William Merrill for their contribution to the Christmas Tree IPM Program and for many years of commitment to helping growers in Pennsylvania and throughout the United States. Paul R. Heller (1948–2010) Professor of Entomology The Pennsylvania State University 1976–2010 William Merrill Jr. (1933–2003) Professor Emeritus of Plant Pathology The Pennsylvania State University 1965–1999
PREFACE The Pennsylvania Integrated Pest Management Program (PA IPM) is pleased to provide Integrated Pest Management for Christmas Tree Production, designed to help Christmas tree growers manage pests based on sound integrated pest management principles. PA IPM is a collaboration of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture (PDA) and The Pennsylvania State University. This partnership has resulted in excellent service to Pennsylvania growers as well as to growers in surrounding states. The institutional collaboration embodied by PA IPM allows us to draw on Department of Agriculture technical experts and Penn State faculty and extension educators. This manual is part of an educational program that was initiated in 1985 by Dr. William Merrill Jr., professor of plant pathology, for the thriving Pennsylvania Christmas tree industry. Dr. William Merrill and Ms. Nancy Wenner, along with other personnel from the Departments of Plant Pathology, Horticulture, and Entomology, organized the fi rst Christmas Tree Pest Management Short Course held at Penn State University Park. Over the years, the course has evolved but is still held each winter in State College to provide growers with handson experiences in diagnosing the common insect and disease problems on Christmas trees. In 1991, Penn State entomologist Dr. Paul Heller initiated the Christmas Tree Landscape Pest Management Newsletter. The newsletter was mailed to county extension offi ces and interested growers on a regular basis. PDA entomologists Rayanne Lehman and Dr. Karl Valley began contributing scouting information to the newsletter in 1992. PDA staff continued the scouting program with support from PDA by providing weekly scouting reports for growers. The scouting report is still produced weekly during the growing season with support from PDA and growers. To enhance this educational outreach, and in response to the needs of Christmas tree growers for pest control information pertinent to Pennsylvania, a committee comprising scientists, regulators, extension educators, and growers was assembled to discuss their needs. One need was a resource customized for Pennsylvania conditions that describes pests and their management. An advisory body was assembled to help design and review the manual, and several experts contributed text and photos. We hope this manual will encourage growers to develop their own IPM programs and train their employees to become familiar with IPM practices. Funding and support to write and review this manual were provided by the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, The Pennsylvania State University, and through grant support from the Environmental Protection Agency Region 3. —Cathy Thomas, IPM Coordinator, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture —Ed Rajotte, Professor of Entomology and Penn State IPM Coordinator HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL The purpose of this manual is to help growers identify, monitor, and control disease and insect pests affecting Christmas trees. The pests included are common on Christmas trees in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast regions of the United States; however, many of these pests can be found in other regions of the United States. This manual is intended for fi eld use by any level of grower, whether professional or hobbyist. Unfamiliar terms are defi ned in the glossary at the back of the manual. Steps for using this manual to identify a pest problem: 1. Identify the tree species. 2. Refer to Appendix A: Pest and Disease Photo Chart. This chart has a series of thumbnail photos corresponding to pests or abiotic problems. Select the photo(s) that best matches symptomatic plants and refer to the appropriate “fact sheet(s)” for additional information. Each pest fact sheet provides useful information, including hosts affected, damage potential, symptoms and signs, similar symptoms, calendar of activities, identifi cation tips, biology and life cycle, monitoring and management strategies, control options, and next crop/prevention strategies. Photographs contained in the fact sheets show the symptoms and life stages of the pests as seen throughout the growing season. Seasonal calendars have been included to serve as guides for scouting and controlling pests; growing degree days have been included when available. However, the best method for detection and control is still personal observation. Guidelines for scouting can be found on page 9 of this manual. Additionally, several templates (Growing Degree Day Record, Scouting Record, and Pesticide Record) are located in the appendix. These templates can be copied to help with yearly record keeping. Christmas tree scouting updates can be found at ento.psu.edu/extension/christmas-trees/scoutingreports starting in March and continuing weekly through June. Additional reports are included during the month of August. Past reports starting in 2000 are available for historical perspective. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT for CHRISTMAS TREE PRODUCTION A GUIDE FOR PENNSYLVANIA GROWERS
Page 4 and 5: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Project Coordinator
Page 7 and 8: INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT BASICS C
Page 9 and 10: STEP 2. Identifi cation and Underst
Page 11 and 12: STEP 3. Monitoring Trees for Pest P
Page 13 and 14: CLIPBOARD/FLAT SURFACE Hold a clipb
Page 15 and 16: Biological Control Biological contr
Page 17 and 18: Disadvantages: 1. Oils must come in
Page 19 and 20: Each individual state of the United
Page 21: This calendar gives a range of week
Page 24 and 25: NEEDLE DISCOLORATION AND INJURY The
Page 26 and 27: Figure 3. Immature bagworm larva. C
Page 28 and 29: BALSAM TWIG APHID Mindarus abietinu
Page 30 and 31: Figure 8. Larva of multicolored Asi
Page 32 and 33: Figure 5. Cooley eggs laid under th
Page 34 and 35: Figure 4. Adult male Cryptomeria sc
Page 36 and 37: CYCLANEUSMA NEEDLE CAST Cyclaneusma
Page 38 and 39: Control Options Biological • No r
Page 40 and 41: Figure 3. Eggs found tucked in the
Page 42 and 43: Figure 3. Female scales and mobile
Page 44 and 45: ERIOPHYID RUST AND SHEATH MITES Nal
Page 46 and 47: Growing Season • Growing degree d
Page 48 and 49: Figure 1. Gypsy moth egg mass. Cour
Page 50 and 51: LOPHODERMIUM NEEDLE CAST Lophodermi
Page 52 and 53:
Control Options Biological • No r
Page 54 and 55:
Figure 3. Adult female pine needle
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Figure 3. Colony of redheaded pine
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PLOIODERMA NEEDLE CAST Ploioderma l
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RED-BAND (DOTHISTROMA) NEEDLE BLIGH
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RHABDOCLINE NEEDLE CAST Rhabdocline
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Disease Cycle Calendar (Single Year
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Figure 3. Overwintering spruce spid
Page 72 and 73:
SWISS NEEDLE CAST Phaeocryptopus g
Page 74 and 75:
SHOOT AND BRANCH INJURY Diseases, i
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Figure 2. Cluster of eggs produced
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BOTRYTIS BLIGHT Botrytis cinerea Pe
Page 82 and 83:
COOLEY SPRUCE GALL ADELGID ON SPRUC
Page 84 and 85:
DIPLODIA (SPHAEROPSIS) TIP BLIGHT O
Page 86 and 87:
EASTERN PINE WEEVIL (FORMERLY KNOWN
Page 88 and 89:
EASTERN SPRUCE GALL ADELGID Adelges
Page 90 and 91:
GALL RUSTS Eastern (Pine-Oak Gall R
Page 92 and 93:
PALES WEEVIL Hylobius pales (Herbst
Page 94 and 95:
PINE BARK ADELGID Pineus strobi (Ha
Page 96 and 97:
PINE SHOOT BEETLE (OR COMMON PINE S
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Figure 3. Female striped pine scale
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Figure 3. Elliptical cankers formed
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Figure 1. Adult weevils. Courtesy o
Page 106:
Growing Season • Threshold level:
Page 109 and 110:
Hosts • Most species of Christmas
Page 111 and 112:
Hosts • Pines Damage Potential
Page 113 and 114:
Hosts • Most Christmas tree speci
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Hosts • Scotch, Austrian, and red
Page 117 and 118:
Control Options Biological • Use
Page 119 and 120:
The second phase of the nematode li
Page 121 and 122:
Through the summer, the larvae feed
Page 123 and 124:
Figure 2. Larva feeding within the
Page 125 and 126:
Chemical Damage Chemical damage can
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a certain area or may occur over th
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Shearing Damage Shearing can damage
Page 131 and 132:
Mice and Voles Damage to trees from
Page 133:
Fungicides, Herbicides, Insecticide
Page 136 and 137:
APPENDIX A PEST AND DISEASE PHOTO C
Page 138 and 139:
Name of Pest Trees Susceptible Page
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144:
Page 147 and 148:
Targeted Pest(s) Biological Control
Page 149 and 150:
Targeted Pest(s) Biological Control
Page 151 and 152:
Conifer Species Genus (Group) Commo
Page 153 and 154:
Seasonal Monitoring Guide Time of Y
Page 156 and 157:
APPENDIX E INSECT TRAP USE AND CONS
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Figure 4. Bait vials attached to up
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Figure 11. Box traps placed at the
Page 162 and 163:
APPENDIX F SCOUTING RECORD TEMPLATE
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Scouting Record Template for Common
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Page 170 and 171:
APPENDIX H SCOUTING RECORD TEMPLATE
Page 172:
Page 175 and 176:
Growing Degree Day and Temperature
Page 177 and 178:
Pesticide Application Record Templa
Page 179 and 180:
Association of Natural Biocontrol P
Page 181 and 182:
Gardens Alive!, Inc. 5100 Schenley
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CONTACT INFORMATION ...............
Page 185 and 186:
PESTS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER Common
Page 187 and 188:
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Page 189 and 190:
Technical Sources Armillaria Root R
Page 191 and 192:
Cyclaneusma Needle Cast Peterson, G
Page 193 and 194:
Eriophyid Mites Day, E. “Pine Bud
Page 195 and 196:
Mechanical Damage Brand, M. H., ed.
Page 197 and 198:
Haack, B., and D. Kucera. “Pest A
Page 199:
Nolte, D. L. 1998. “Effi cacy of
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Glossary Adelgid: members of the fa
Page 204 and 205:
Glossary (continued) Pathogen: a pa
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Notes
Page 208:
The PA IPM Program is a collaborati
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