Integrated Pest Management for Christmas Tree Production: A ...

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Project Coordinators Cathy E. Thomas, PA IPM Coordinator Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Sarah Pickel, Education Specialist Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Contributors Amber Brunskill, IPM Curriculum Development Assistant Penn State Department of Entomology Rayanne D. Lehman, Entomologist (Retired) Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Karen Najda, Plant Inspector, Region VII Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Tracey N. Olson, Plant Pathologist Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Sarah Pickel, Education Specialist Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Brian Schildt, IPM Scouting Consultant Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Cathy E. Thomas, PA IPM Coordinator Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Reviewers Steve Derstine, Farm Manager J. C. Hill Tree Farms, Inc. Jim Fogarty Halabura Tree Farm Rayanne D. Lehman, Entomologist (Retired) Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Kimberly J. Miller, Plant Inspector, Region III Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Karen Najda, Plant Inspector, Region VII Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Tracey N. Olson, Plant Pathologist Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Ed Rajotte, Professor of Entomology and PA IPM Coordinator Penn State Department of Entomology Linda L. Signarovitz, Plant Inspector (Retired) Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Advisers Timothy M. Abbey, Extension Educator Penn State Cooperative Extension, Capital Area Ricky Bates, Professor of Horticulture Penn State Department of Horticulture Sandy Gardosik, Entomologist Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Ed Rajotte, Professor of Entomology and PA IPM Coordinator Penn State Department of Entomology Linda L. Signarovitz, Plant Inspector (Retired) Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture A special thanks to: George Perry, Extension Educator (Retired), Penn State Cooperative Extension, Schuylkill and Berks Counties, for his many years of dedicated service to Pennsylvania Christmas tree growers PA IPM Program Staff Ed Rajotte, Professor of Entomology and PA IPM Coordinator Penn State Department of Entomology Cathy E. Thomas, PA IPM Coordinator Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Kristie Auman-Bauer, PA IPM Public Relations and Outreach Coordinator Penn State Department of Entomology David Biddinger, Tree Fruit Entomologist and Biocontrol Specialist Penn State Department of Entomology Amber Brunskill, Curriculum Development Assistant Penn State Department of Entomology Wade Esbenshade, IPM and Biocontrol Specialist Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Lyn Garling, PA IPM Manager of Programs Penn State Department of Entomology Rhonda Griffi n, IPM Home Healthcare Educator Penn State Cooperative Extension in Philadelphia County Dion Lerman, Environmental Health Programs Specialist Penn State Cooperative Extension in Philadelphia County Cathy Nardozzo, PA IPM Webmaster Penn State Department of Entomology Michelle Niedermeier, Community IPM and Environmental Health Program Coordinator Penn State Cooperative Extension in Philadelphia County Sarah Pickel, Education Specialist Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Brian Schildt, IPM Scouting Consultant Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture
CONTENTS Integrated Pest Management Basics ................ 5 Step 1. Preparing for IPM: Planning and Prevention ....................................................................6 Step 2. Identifi cation and Understanding of Pests and Problems ......................................................7 Insects and Mites ................................................7 Diseases (Fungi and Nematodes) ........................8 Vertebrates (Mammals and Birds) .......................8 Weeds .................................................................8 Environmental Factors .........................................8 Step 3. Monitoring Trees for Pest Populations ..............9 Growing Degree Days/Temperature .....................9 Soil Temperature................................................10 Personal Monitoring Kit ....................................10 Monitoring Tips .................................................11 Trapping ...........................................................11 Diagnosis ..........................................................11 Step 4. Setting an Action Threshold ............................12 Step 5. Selecting Control Options ...............................12 Cultural and Mechanical Control .......................12 Biological Control ..............................................13 Chemical Control ...............................................13 Step 6. Evaluating Results of Control Actions .............16 Pennsylvania Conifer Certifi cation and Quarantine Guidelines ...............................................16 Growing Degree Day Ranges for Christmas Tree Pests ...................................................18 Insect and Mite Calendar ..........................................19 Pest Fact Sheets ................................................ 21 Needle Discoloration and Injury .................................22 Bagworm...........................................................23 Balsam Twig Aphid ............................................26 Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid on Douglas-Fir ......29 Cryptomeria Scale .............................................31 Cyclaneusma Needle Cast .................................34 Douglas-Fir Needle Midge .................................37 Elongate Hemlock Scale ....................................39 Eriophyid Rust and Sheath Mites ......................42 Gypsy Moth .......................................................45 Lophodermium Needle Cast ..............................48 Pine Needle Scale ..............................................51 Pine Sawfl ies .....................................................53 Ploioderma Needle Cast ....................................56 Red-band (Dothistroma) Needle Blight .............58 Rhabdocline Needle Cast ..................................60 Rhizosphaera Needle Cast.................................63 Spruce Needle Rust ...........................................65 Spruce Spider Mite ............................................67 Swiss Needle Cast .............................................70 Shoot and Branch Injury .............................................72 Atropellis Canker ...............................................73 Balsam Woolly Adelgid ......................................75 Botrytis Blight ...................................................78 Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid on Spruce ...............80 Diplodia (Sphaeropsis) Tip Blight of Pines and Other Conifers ...................................................82 Eastern Pine Weevil ...........................................84 Eastern Spruce Gall Adelgid ..............................86 Gall Rusts ..........................................................88 Pales Weevil ......................................................90 Pine Bark Adelgid ..............................................92 Pine Shoot Beetle ..............................................94 Striped Pine Scale ..............................................97 White Pine Blister Rust ......................................99 White Pine Weevil ...........................................101 Stem and Root Injury/Tree Mortality ........................106 Armillaria Root Rot .........................................107 Bark and Engraver Beetles ..............................109 Phytophthora Root Rot....................................111 Pine Root Collar Weevil ...................................113 Pine Wilt Disease .............................................116 White Grubs ....................................................118 Zimmerman Pine Moth....................................120 Other Types of Damage to Conifers ..........................122 Chemical Damage ...........................................123 Environmental Damage ...................................124 Mechanical Damage ........................................126 Vertebrate Pests ..............................................128 Pesticide Information ..................................... 130 Fungicides, Herbicides, Insecticides, and Miticides ...131 Pesticide Resistance Issues .......................................131 Pesticide Safety ........................................................131 Appendixes ..................................................... 133 A. Pest and Disease Photo Chart ............................134 B. Biological Controls Photo Chart .........................144 C. Conifer Species ...................................................148 D. Seasonal Monitoring Guide ................................150 E. Insect Trap Use and Construction .......................154 F. Scouting Record Template for Common Pine Pests ............................................160 G. Scouting Record Template for Common Spruce Pests ........................................164 H. Scouting Record Template for Common True Fir and Douglas-Fir Pests .............168 I. Growing Degree Day and Temperature Record Template .................................................172 J. Pesticide Application Record Template ...............174 K. Contact Information ...........................................176 L. Lists of Pests.......................................................182 —Pests in Alphabetical Order ............................183 —Pests by Host Genus .......................................184 Bibliography .................................................... 185 Glossary ........................................................... 199
Page 2 and 3: IN MEMORIAM We dedicate this public
Page 7 and 8: INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT BASICS C
Page 9 and 10: STEP 2. Identifi cation and Underst
Page 11 and 12: STEP 3. Monitoring Trees for Pest P
Page 13 and 14: CLIPBOARD/FLAT SURFACE Hold a clipb
Page 15 and 16: Biological Control Biological contr
Page 17 and 18: Disadvantages: 1. Oils must come in
Page 19 and 20: Each individual state of the United
Page 21: This calendar gives a range of week
Page 24 and 25: NEEDLE DISCOLORATION AND INJURY The
Page 26 and 27: Figure 3. Immature bagworm larva. C
Page 28 and 29: BALSAM TWIG APHID Mindarus abietinu
Page 30 and 31: Figure 8. Larva of multicolored Asi
Page 32 and 33: Figure 5. Cooley eggs laid under th
Page 34 and 35: Figure 4. Adult male Cryptomeria sc
Page 36 and 37: CYCLANEUSMA NEEDLE CAST Cyclaneusma
Page 38 and 39: Control Options Biological • No r
Page 40 and 41: Figure 3. Eggs found tucked in the
Page 42 and 43: Figure 3. Female scales and mobile
Page 44 and 45: ERIOPHYID RUST AND SHEATH MITES Nal
Page 46 and 47: Growing Season • Growing degree d
Page 48 and 49: Figure 1. Gypsy moth egg mass. Cour
Page 50 and 51: LOPHODERMIUM NEEDLE CAST Lophodermi
Page 52 and 53: Control Options Biological • No r
Page 54 and 55:
Figure 3. Adult female pine needle
Page 56 and 57:
Figure 3. Colony of redheaded pine
Page 58 and 59:
PLOIODERMA NEEDLE CAST Ploioderma l
Page 60 and 61:
RED-BAND (DOTHISTROMA) NEEDLE BLIGH
Page 62 and 63:
RHABDOCLINE NEEDLE CAST Rhabdocline
Page 64 and 65:
Control Options Biological • No r
Page 66 and 67:
Disease Cycle Calendar (Single Year
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Figure 3. Overwintering spruce spid
Page 72 and 73:
SWISS NEEDLE CAST Phaeocryptopus g
Page 74 and 75:
SHOOT AND BRANCH INJURY Diseases, i
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Figure 2. Cluster of eggs produced
Page 80 and 81:
BOTRYTIS BLIGHT Botrytis cinerea Pe
Page 82 and 83:
COOLEY SPRUCE GALL ADELGID ON SPRUC
Page 84 and 85:
DIPLODIA (SPHAEROPSIS) TIP BLIGHT O
Page 86 and 87:
EASTERN PINE WEEVIL (FORMERLY KNOWN
Page 88 and 89:
EASTERN SPRUCE GALL ADELGID Adelges
Page 90 and 91:
GALL RUSTS Eastern (Pine-Oak Gall R
Page 92 and 93:
PALES WEEVIL Hylobius pales (Herbst
Page 94 and 95:
PINE BARK ADELGID Pineus strobi (Ha
Page 96 and 97:
PINE SHOOT BEETLE (OR COMMON PINE S
Page 98 and 99:
Control Options Biological • No r
Page 100 and 101:
Figure 3. Female striped pine scale
Page 102 and 103:
Figure 3. Elliptical cankers formed
Page 104 and 105:
Figure 1. Adult weevils. Courtesy o
Page 106:
Growing Season • Threshold level:
Page 109 and 110:
Hosts • Most species of Christmas
Page 111 and 112:
Hosts • Pines Damage Potential
Page 113 and 114:
Hosts • Most Christmas tree speci
Page 115 and 116:
Hosts • Scotch, Austrian, and red
Page 117 and 118:
Control Options Biological • Use
Page 119 and 120:
The second phase of the nematode li
Page 121 and 122:
Through the summer, the larvae feed
Page 123 and 124:
Figure 2. Larva feeding within the
Page 125 and 126:
Chemical Damage Chemical damage can
Page 127 and 128:
a certain area or may occur over th
Page 129 and 130:
Shearing Damage Shearing can damage
Page 131 and 132:
Mice and Voles Damage to trees from
Page 133:
Fungicides, Herbicides, Insecticide
Page 136 and 137:
APPENDIX A PEST AND DISEASE PHOTO C
Page 138 and 139:
Name of Pest Trees Susceptible Page
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144:
Page 147 and 148:
Targeted Pest(s) Biological Control
Page 149 and 150:
Targeted Pest(s) Biological Control
Page 151 and 152:
Conifer Species Genus (Group) Commo
Page 153 and 154:
Seasonal Monitoring Guide Time of Y
Page 156 and 157:
APPENDIX E INSECT TRAP USE AND CONS
Page 158 and 159:
Figure 4. Bait vials attached to up
Page 160 and 161:
Figure 11. Box traps placed at the
Page 162 and 163:
APPENDIX F SCOUTING RECORD TEMPLATE
Page 164:
Scouting Record Template for Common
Page 167 and 168:
Page 170 and 171:
APPENDIX H SCOUTING RECORD TEMPLATE
Page 172:
Page 175 and 176:
Growing Degree Day and Temperature
Page 177 and 178:
Pesticide Application Record Templa
Page 179 and 180:
Association of Natural Biocontrol P
Page 181 and 182:
Gardens Alive!, Inc. 5100 Schenley
Page 183 and 184:
CONTACT INFORMATION ...............
Page 185 and 186:
PESTS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER Common
Page 187 and 188:
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Page 189 and 190:
Technical Sources Armillaria Root R
Page 191 and 192:
Cyclaneusma Needle Cast Peterson, G
Page 193 and 194:
Eriophyid Mites Day, E. “Pine Bud
Page 195 and 196:
Mechanical Damage Brand, M. H., ed.
Page 197 and 198:
Haack, B., and D. Kucera. “Pest A
Page 199:
Nolte, D. L. 1998. “Effi cacy of
Page 202 and 203:
Glossary Adelgid: members of the fa
Page 204 and 205:
Glossary (continued) Pathogen: a pa
Page 206 and 207:
Notes
Page 208:
The PA IPM Program is a collaborati
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