Integrated Pest Management for Christmas Tree Production: A ...

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Figure 8. Larva of multicolored Asian lady beetle. Courtesy of Cathy Thomas, PDA Control Options Biological • Balsam twig aphids have numerous naturally occurring predators, including yellow jackets, lacewings, earwigs, lady beetles and their larvae (Fig. 8), assassin bugs, ants, big-eyed bugs, predatory thrips, hover fl y larvae, syrphid fl ies, and predaceous midges. The introduced multicolored Asian lady beetle is an excellent aphid predator in the adult and larval stage. Parasitoids of balsam twig aphids are Aphidius wasps. Refer to Appendix B: Biological Controls Photo Chart for pictures. Mechanical • Pick and destroy young cones in spring during aphid activity. Since pesticides will not reach the aphids inside cones, this practice can be time consuming but very benefi cial and will positively affect the aesthetics of the tree. Biorational • No recommendations are available at this time. Chemical • All pesticide intervention should occur after egg hatch but before bud break; after bud break, aphids are protected by new growth and some damage has already occurred. Dormant oil will kill aphids but will have limited effect on overwintering eggs and often causes damage to elongating needles. Next Crop/Prevention • Purchase and plant pest-free nursery stock from a reputable company. NEEDLE DISCOLORATION AND INJURY ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 28
Hosts • Douglas-fi r • Alternate hosts: Colorado blue spruce and occasionally other spruces (see Shoot and Branch Injury section for Cooley spruce gall adelgid on spruce) Damage Potential • Moderate Symptoms and Signs • Yellow spots on the needles • Needles with bends or crooks • Small, white, cottony balls on the underside of needles • Premature needle drop Causes of Similar Symptoms • Rhabdocline needle cast • Douglas-fi r needle midge Identifi cation The Cooley adelgid is a small, soft-bodied insect with sucking mouthparts. Both winged and wingless forms exist, but the winged insect is not often seen. The easiest method of identifi cation is the characteristic damage. On Douglas-fi r, Cooley adelgid does not cause galls, as it does on spruce. Instead, it causes pale or yellow spots on the top of the needle. Frequently, the needle will have a bend or crook at this site. These spots or bends indicate feeding sites for the nymphs, which will be found on the underside of the needle. The crawlers and early nymphs are dark brown to black, fl at, and have ridges across their bodies. They can be seen using a hand lens with at least 15X magnifi cation. White, cottony masses may also be found on the underside of needles at certain times of year. In early spring, examine the underside of needles on Douglas-fi r. The egg masses will be beneath a waxy mass on needles of outer growth. At bud break, look at the base of elongating shoots for minute, dark nymphs feeding on the new needles. Calendar of Activities Symptoms Monitor Mechanical Control Spray Control Biology and Life Cycle The life cycle of Cooley adelgid is complex and involves distinctly different forms on Colorado spruce and Douglasfi r. The pest can alternate between the two hosts or produce continual generations on either. Both winged and wingless forms are found; all adults on Douglas-fi r are female. On Douglas-fi r, exposed nymphs overwinter on the underside of the needles (Fig. 1). In early spring, these nymphs begin to feed and produce their waxy protective threads. Initially, the white wax is just a fringe around the dark body (Fig. 2), but by the time they reach maturity, the entire body is engulfed (Figs. 3 and 4). Figure 1. Overwintering nymphs. Courtesy of Sandy Gardosik, PDA Figure 2. Nymph with waxy fringe beginning to form around the body. Courtesy of Sandy Gardosik, PDA Figure 3. Nymph covered with white, waxy fringe. Courtesy of Sandy Gardosik, PDA Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Spray must occur before nymphs wax over. Figure 4. Nymphs covered with white, waxy fringe. Courtesy of Brian Schildt, PDA COOLEY SPRUCE GALL ADELGID ON DOUGLAS-FIR Adelges cooleyi (Gillette) White, waxy tufting of Cooley spruce gall adelgid. Courtesy of Sandy Gardosik, PDA COOLEY SPRUCE GALL ADELGID ON DOUGLAS-FIR ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................... 29
Page 2 and 3: IN MEMORIAM We dedicate this public
Page 4 and 5: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Project Coordinator
Page 7 and 8: INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT BASICS C
Page 9 and 10: STEP 2. Identifi cation and Underst
Page 11 and 12: STEP 3. Monitoring Trees for Pest P
Page 13 and 14: CLIPBOARD/FLAT SURFACE Hold a clipb
Page 15 and 16: Biological Control Biological contr
Page 17 and 18: Disadvantages: 1. Oils must come in
Page 19 and 20: Each individual state of the United
Page 21: This calendar gives a range of week
Page 24 and 25: NEEDLE DISCOLORATION AND INJURY The
Page 26 and 27: Figure 3. Immature bagworm larva. C
Page 28 and 29: BALSAM TWIG APHID Mindarus abietinu
Page 32 and 33: Figure 5. Cooley eggs laid under th
Page 34 and 35: Figure 4. Adult male Cryptomeria sc
Page 36 and 37: CYCLANEUSMA NEEDLE CAST Cyclaneusma
Page 38 and 39: Control Options Biological • No r
Page 40 and 41: Figure 3. Eggs found tucked in the
Page 42 and 43: Figure 3. Female scales and mobile
Page 44 and 45: ERIOPHYID RUST AND SHEATH MITES Nal
Page 46 and 47: Growing Season • Growing degree d
Page 48 and 49: Figure 1. Gypsy moth egg mass. Cour
Page 50 and 51: LOPHODERMIUM NEEDLE CAST Lophodermi
Page 54 and 55: Figure 3. Adult female pine needle
Page 56 and 57: Figure 3. Colony of redheaded pine
Page 58 and 59: PLOIODERMA NEEDLE CAST Ploioderma l
Page 60 and 61: RED-BAND (DOTHISTROMA) NEEDLE BLIGH
Page 62 and 63: RHABDOCLINE NEEDLE CAST Rhabdocline
Page 66 and 67: Disease Cycle Calendar (Single Year
Page 70 and 71: Figure 3. Overwintering spruce spid
Page 72 and 73: SWISS NEEDLE CAST Phaeocryptopus g
Page 74 and 75: SHOOT AND BRANCH INJURY Diseases, i
Page 78 and 79: Figure 2. Cluster of eggs produced
Page 80 and 81:
BOTRYTIS BLIGHT Botrytis cinerea Pe
Page 82 and 83:
COOLEY SPRUCE GALL ADELGID ON SPRUC
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DIPLODIA (SPHAEROPSIS) TIP BLIGHT O
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EASTERN PINE WEEVIL (FORMERLY KNOWN
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EASTERN SPRUCE GALL ADELGID Adelges
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GALL RUSTS Eastern (Pine-Oak Gall R
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PALES WEEVIL Hylobius pales (Herbst
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PINE BARK ADELGID Pineus strobi (Ha
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PINE SHOOT BEETLE (OR COMMON PINE S
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Control Options Biological • No r
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Figure 3. Female striped pine scale
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Figure 3. Elliptical cankers formed
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Figure 1. Adult weevils. Courtesy o
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Growing Season • Threshold level:
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Hosts • Most species of Christmas
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Hosts • Pines Damage Potential
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Hosts • Most Christmas tree speci
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Hosts • Scotch, Austrian, and red
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Control Options Biological • Use
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The second phase of the nematode li
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Through the summer, the larvae feed
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Figure 2. Larva feeding within the
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Chemical Damage Chemical damage can
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a certain area or may occur over th
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Shearing Damage Shearing can damage
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Mice and Voles Damage to trees from
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Fungicides, Herbicides, Insecticide
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APPENDIX A PEST AND DISEASE PHOTO C
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Name of Pest Trees Susceptible Page
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Page 142 and 143:
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Targeted Pest(s) Biological Control
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Targeted Pest(s) Biological Control
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Conifer Species Genus (Group) Commo
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Seasonal Monitoring Guide Time of Y
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APPENDIX E INSECT TRAP USE AND CONS
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Figure 4. Bait vials attached to up
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Figure 11. Box traps placed at the
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APPENDIX F SCOUTING RECORD TEMPLATE
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Scouting Record Template for Common
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APPENDIX H SCOUTING RECORD TEMPLATE
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Growing Degree Day and Temperature
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Pesticide Application Record Templa
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Association of Natural Biocontrol P
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Gardens Alive!, Inc. 5100 Schenley
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CONTACT INFORMATION ...............
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PESTS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER Common
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Technical Sources Armillaria Root R
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Cyclaneusma Needle Cast Peterson, G
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Eriophyid Mites Day, E. “Pine Bud
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Mechanical Damage Brand, M. H., ed.
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Haack, B., and D. Kucera. “Pest A
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Nolte, D. L. 1998. “Effi cacy of
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Glossary Adelgid: members of the fa
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Glossary (continued) Pathogen: a pa
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Notes
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The PA IPM Program is a collaborati
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