Integrated Pest Management for Christmas Tree Production: A ...

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BALSAM TWIG APHID Mindarus abietinus Koch Twisted needle symptom. Courtesy of Tracey Olson, PDA Hosts • All species of true fi r, especially Fraser and balsam • Rarely found on some spruce and juniper Damage Potential • Moderate–high Symptoms and Signs • Curled, twisted needles on current year’s growth • Stunted needles • Black sooty mold and presence of stinging insects Causes of Similar Symptoms • Pesticide use • Soft scales • Other aphids Identifi cation Balsam twig aphids are tiny, soft-bodied insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts. Most stages are pale bluish green and some may have powdery, wax strands adhering to the body. The second generation is the only one that produces winged forms; all other generations have only wingless adults. The largest stage, the “stem mother,” occurs in the fi rst generation and at maturity is 1 ⁄25– 1 ⁄13 inch (1–2 mm) long. Eggs are small ovals coated with waxy rods that have sloughed off from the underside of the female. Initially, eggs are pale tan, but they darken with age and by spring appear to be silvery black. With the white, waxy rods and almost black eggs, it is relatively easy to spot eggs using a hand lens of at least 15X magnifi cation. Calendar of Activities Symptoms Monitor Mechanical Control Spray Control Biology and Life Cycle The balsam twig aphid has a complex life cycle with three to four generations occurring per year. Most of the year is spent in the silvery egg stage on twigs of the host tree (Fig. 1). In early April, prior to bud break, the overwintering egg hatches into a small nymph (Fig. 2). This nymph feeds for a period of time on the underside of last year’s needles before molting into the wingless stem mother. As buds are swelling and just beginning to open, the stem mother moves Figure 1. Silvery balsam twig aphid egg at the needle’s base on the underside of a twig. Courtesy of Rayanne D. Lehman, PDA Figure 2. Newly hatched nymph feeding on needles and secreting “honeydew.” Courtesy of Rayanne D. Lehman, PDA Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. NEEDLE DISCOLORATION AND INJURY .......... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 26
to the bud (Fig. 3) and gives live birth to up to 70 second-generation nymphs. No mating or eggs are involved; the nymphs are clones of the stem mother and capable of feeding immediately. Figure 3. Stem mother on needle bud. Courtesy of Rayanne D. Lehman, PDA This second generation is the most damaging (Fig. 4). Perfectly synchronized with bud break, the nymphs begin to feed on the elongating needles (Fig. 5), causing distortion and stunting (Fig. 6). Within a short time, they have matured and eventually produce live, either wingless or winged females. If wingless forms are produced, they continue to feed on the same tree. Although the winged females are weak fl iers, they are capable of short fl ights or becoming airborne to be carried by air currents to new hosts. When the winged females reach the new host or new stem on same tree, they produce both wingless females and males (Fig. 7). This last generation is the only one with males that mate with the females. Mated females deposit one or two overwintering eggs close to the buds before dying. This is also the only time in the life cycle that eggs are produced. Monitoring and Management Strategies Plantation Establishment • Avoid planting at lower elevations and on slopes where aphid populations tend to be higher. • Plant species that have delayed bud break. Balsam fi r tends to break bud early and is most severely infested; Fraser is next to break bud; Canaan generally breaks bud last. • Do not buy infested trees or nursery stock. Preseason • Between July and March, assess damage levels from the previous year’s infestation. It is most important to control this pest during the last 2 years before harvest in order to produce 2 years of good, straight growth. On young trees, excessive damage will stunt overall growth. • Do not apply a nitrogen fertilizer before bud break to a previously infested area. This tends to increase aphid populations. • Look for overwintering eggs and tag trees to monitor for egg hatch by the end of March. • Growing degree days: Egg hatch occurs at 30–100 GDDs. • Begin monitoring for egg hatch by April 1 in southern counties. Using a hand lens, examine the underside of last year’s needles for single, blue-green nymphs. These nymphs are usually within 2 inches of the bud and often have a large droplet of clear honeydew on their tail end. • Encourage natural predators and parasitoids. Growing Season • Scout for aphids by beating 10 inches of foliage over a piece of dark paper. Select 15 trees per acre (similar age, size, and location) and sample two sides of each tree. Count aphids and predators found. In April or early May, it may be necessary to apply chemical control if more than three aphids per tree are found. • As bud break begins, look at the opening buds to fi nd the stem mothers and secondgeneration nymphs. • When vegetative cones are produced on trees, break open the cones and look for nymphs that have migrated here to feed. • Observe presence of lady beetles since several species are important predators. • Observe presence of stinging insects as new growth elongates. The bees and wasps are attracted to the honeydew produced by the feeding aphids. • At the end of the season, update records and evaluate results. Figure 4. Balsam twig aphid nymphs. Courtesy of Rayanne D. Lehman, PDA Figure 5. Nymphs (circled) feeding in a barely opened bud. Courtesy of Sandy Gardosik, PDA Figure 6. Needle twisting or kinking evident of balsam twig aphid damage. Courtesy of Cathy Thomas, PDA Figure 7. Winged balsam twig aphid female. Courtesy of Rayanne D. Lehman, PDA BALSAM TWIG APHID ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 27
Page 2 and 3: IN MEMORIAM We dedicate this public
Page 4 and 5: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Project Coordinator
Page 7 and 8: INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT BASICS C
Page 9 and 10: STEP 2. Identifi cation and Underst
Page 11 and 12: STEP 3. Monitoring Trees for Pest P
Page 13 and 14: CLIPBOARD/FLAT SURFACE Hold a clipb
Page 15 and 16: Biological Control Biological contr
Page 17 and 18: Disadvantages: 1. Oils must come in
Page 19 and 20: Each individual state of the United
Page 21: This calendar gives a range of week
Page 24 and 25: NEEDLE DISCOLORATION AND INJURY The
Page 26 and 27: Figure 3. Immature bagworm larva. C
Page 30 and 31: Figure 8. Larva of multicolored Asi
Page 32 and 33: Figure 5. Cooley eggs laid under th
Page 34 and 35: Figure 4. Adult male Cryptomeria sc
Page 36 and 37: CYCLANEUSMA NEEDLE CAST Cyclaneusma
Page 38 and 39: Control Options Biological • No r
Page 40 and 41: Figure 3. Eggs found tucked in the
Page 42 and 43: Figure 3. Female scales and mobile
Page 44 and 45: ERIOPHYID RUST AND SHEATH MITES Nal
Page 46 and 47: Growing Season • Growing degree d
Page 48 and 49: Figure 1. Gypsy moth egg mass. Cour
Page 50 and 51: LOPHODERMIUM NEEDLE CAST Lophodermi
Page 54 and 55: Figure 3. Adult female pine needle
Page 56 and 57: Figure 3. Colony of redheaded pine
Page 58 and 59: PLOIODERMA NEEDLE CAST Ploioderma l
Page 60 and 61: RED-BAND (DOTHISTROMA) NEEDLE BLIGH
Page 62 and 63: RHABDOCLINE NEEDLE CAST Rhabdocline
Page 66 and 67: Disease Cycle Calendar (Single Year
Page 70 and 71: Figure 3. Overwintering spruce spid
Page 72 and 73: SWISS NEEDLE CAST Phaeocryptopus g
Page 74 and 75: SHOOT AND BRANCH INJURY Diseases, i
Page 78 and 79:
Figure 2. Cluster of eggs produced
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BOTRYTIS BLIGHT Botrytis cinerea Pe
Page 82 and 83:
COOLEY SPRUCE GALL ADELGID ON SPRUC
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DIPLODIA (SPHAEROPSIS) TIP BLIGHT O
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EASTERN PINE WEEVIL (FORMERLY KNOWN
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EASTERN SPRUCE GALL ADELGID Adelges
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GALL RUSTS Eastern (Pine-Oak Gall R
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PALES WEEVIL Hylobius pales (Herbst
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PINE BARK ADELGID Pineus strobi (Ha
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PINE SHOOT BEETLE (OR COMMON PINE S
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Control Options Biological • No r
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Figure 3. Female striped pine scale
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Figure 3. Elliptical cankers formed
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Figure 1. Adult weevils. Courtesy o
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Growing Season • Threshold level:
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Hosts • Most species of Christmas
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Hosts • Pines Damage Potential
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Hosts • Most Christmas tree speci
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Hosts • Scotch, Austrian, and red
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Control Options Biological • Use
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The second phase of the nematode li
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Through the summer, the larvae feed
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Figure 2. Larva feeding within the
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Chemical Damage Chemical damage can
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a certain area or may occur over th
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Shearing Damage Shearing can damage
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Mice and Voles Damage to trees from
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Fungicides, Herbicides, Insecticide
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APPENDIX A PEST AND DISEASE PHOTO C
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Name of Pest Trees Susceptible Page
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Page 142 and 143:
Page 144:
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Targeted Pest(s) Biological Control
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Targeted Pest(s) Biological Control
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Conifer Species Genus (Group) Commo
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Seasonal Monitoring Guide Time of Y
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APPENDIX E INSECT TRAP USE AND CONS
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Figure 4. Bait vials attached to up
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Figure 11. Box traps placed at the
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APPENDIX F SCOUTING RECORD TEMPLATE
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Scouting Record Template for Common
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APPENDIX H SCOUTING RECORD TEMPLATE
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Growing Degree Day and Temperature
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Pesticide Application Record Templa
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Association of Natural Biocontrol P
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Gardens Alive!, Inc. 5100 Schenley
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CONTACT INFORMATION ...............
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PESTS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER Common
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Technical Sources Armillaria Root R
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Cyclaneusma Needle Cast Peterson, G
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Eriophyid Mites Day, E. “Pine Bud
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Mechanical Damage Brand, M. H., ed.
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Haack, B., and D. Kucera. “Pest A
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Nolte, D. L. 1998. “Effi cacy of
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Glossary Adelgid: members of the fa
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Glossary (continued) Pathogen: a pa
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Notes
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The PA IPM Program is a collaborati
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