Integrated Pest Management for Christmas Tree Production: A ...

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LOPHODERMIUM NEEDLE CAST Lophodermium seditiosum Minter, Staley, and Millar Lophodermium needle cast, the “spring reddener,” infection on a fi eld of pine. Courtesy of Edward L. Barnard, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org (#4823057) Hosts • Scotch, Austrian, and red pines most susceptible • Most two- and three-needled pines Damage Potential • Moderate on fi eld-grown trees • High on seedlings Symptoms and Signs • May fi rst develop in needles on lower branches Late Winter Through Early Spring • Infected needles develop yellow or reddish-brown spots • Current season’s infected needles redden by early spring Late Spring Through Midsummer • Needles brown and may fall from tree, leaving only new, healthy-appearing growth • Raised, black, football-shaped fruiting bodies appear on dead needles still attached to the tree and those on the ground Causes of Similar Symptoms • Winter burn • Dothistroma needle blight • Lethale needle cast • Cyclaneusma needle cast • Pine needle scale Identifi cation The most accurate and easiest identifi cation period for Lophodermium needle cast is in mid- to late summer when the fruiting bodies are present on needles infected the previous year. The shiny, black, footballshaped fruiting bodies are 1 ⁄32 inch (0.8 mm) long. They are slightly raised and aligned lengthwise on the needle. When mature, they have a longitudinal slit through which spores will be released. To see if fruiting bodies are mature, wrap some symptomatic needles in a moist paper towel for about 20 minutes to see if they open and release spores. Fruiting bodies occur on dead needles remaining on the tree or those already on the ground. This common fungal disease is often referred to as the “spring reddener” of Scotch pines. In spring, needles infected the previous year will have small, brown spots, often with yellow margins. The most noticeable symptoms occur as the season progresses and needles turn yellow and eventually reddish brown. They may be cast anytime after symptoms appear. Fruiting bodies are required to confi rm a diagnosis. Biology and Life Cycle Needle infection starts in mid- to late summer and only the current year’s growth is susceptible. Spores released from mature fruiting bodies (Fig. 1) are dispersed by wind or water to the new growth or to other trees. The fungus enters the healthy needles through stomata and begins to disrupt the moisture-distribution mechanism in the needles. Symptoms are generally not apparent until early spring of the year following infection. At this time, infected needles begin to change color, fi rst yellowing and then turning reddish brown by the time shoots are elongating (Fig. 2). Severe infections will Figure 1. Lophodermium fruiting bodies. Courtesy of Tracey Olson, PDA Figure 2. Infected needles from the previous year turn reddish brown and drop in the spring. Courtesy of USDA Forest Service Northeastern Archive, Bugwood.org (#1398006) NEEDLE DISCOLORATION AND INJURY .......... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 48
cause an entire tree to appear scorched, with only small, green shoots appearing at the end of branches. As the disease progresses, infected needles generally drop from the tree, leaving only the healthy, new growth. By late summer, fruiting bodies are mature and can be found on cast needles under the tree, lodged in branches, and on the few browned needles remaining on the branches (Fig. 3). When moisture is present, the fruiting bodies split longitudinally to release minute spores. This often occurs during cool rain events in late summer and fall. Since most of the infection comes from needles already on the ground, poor air circulation under the tree is a major contributor to the spread of the disease. The infection from needles already cast from the tree is unique to Lophodermium. Most other fungal diseases are spread from structures remaining on the tree. Figure 3. Characteristic football-shaped Lophodermium fruiting body. Courtesy of Tracey Olson, PDA Monitoring and Management Strategies Plantation Establishment • Choose a site that will promote drying of trees (southern slope, good drainage, nonshaded). • Do not plant near windbreaks of other susceptible conifers. • Remove infected trees around the block; rake and remove disease-bearing needles under infected trees. • Adequately space trees when planting to encourage drying and minimize disease transmission. • Avoid planting short-needled “Spanish” Scotch pine and “French Green” varieties since they are very susceptible to infection. • Examine all seedlings before planting and cull any suspected of being infected. Buy from a reputable producer. Preseason • Control weeds around and under trees to allow for good air circulation and drying of foliage. • In very early spring, scout for yellowing of needles. Needles often have small, brown spots with yellow margins that increase with time. Tag any suspect trees to examine later for reddening of needles. • Examine dead needles under suspect trees for evidence of fruiting bodies from previous year. Growing Season • Scout for symptoms of Lophodermium in May and June by examining the lower branches of at least 50 trees of varying ages scattered throughout the block. Tag several suspect trees to watch for fruiting body production. • Threshold level: If at least 10 percent of the examined trees show injury, consider treating the entire plantation. • At the end of the season, evaluate results and update records. Disease Cycle Calendar (Single Year’s Growth of Needles) May J J A S O N D Jan. F M A M J J A S O N D Jan. F M A M J J A S O N D Infection Symptoms Casting First Year Second Year Third Year Bud Break The heavier the shading, the more intense the infection/symptom/casting. LOPHODERMIUM NEEDLE CAST ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 49
Page 2 and 3: IN MEMORIAM We dedicate this public
Page 4 and 5: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Project Coordinator
Page 7 and 8: INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT BASICS C
Page 9 and 10: STEP 2. Identifi cation and Underst
Page 11 and 12: STEP 3. Monitoring Trees for Pest P
Page 13 and 14: CLIPBOARD/FLAT SURFACE Hold a clipb
Page 15 and 16: Biological Control Biological contr
Page 17 and 18: Disadvantages: 1. Oils must come in
Page 19 and 20: Each individual state of the United
Page 21: This calendar gives a range of week
Page 24 and 25: NEEDLE DISCOLORATION AND INJURY The
Page 26 and 27: Figure 3. Immature bagworm larva. C
Page 28 and 29: BALSAM TWIG APHID Mindarus abietinu
Page 30 and 31: Figure 8. Larva of multicolored Asi
Page 32 and 33: Figure 5. Cooley eggs laid under th
Page 34 and 35: Figure 4. Adult male Cryptomeria sc
Page 36 and 37: CYCLANEUSMA NEEDLE CAST Cyclaneusma
Page 38 and 39: Control Options Biological • No r
Page 40 and 41: Figure 3. Eggs found tucked in the
Page 42 and 43: Figure 3. Female scales and mobile
Page 44 and 45: ERIOPHYID RUST AND SHEATH MITES Nal
Page 46 and 47: Growing Season • Growing degree d
Page 48 and 49: Figure 1. Gypsy moth egg mass. Cour
Page 54 and 55: Figure 3. Adult female pine needle
Page 56 and 57: Figure 3. Colony of redheaded pine
Page 58 and 59: PLOIODERMA NEEDLE CAST Ploioderma l
Page 60 and 61: RED-BAND (DOTHISTROMA) NEEDLE BLIGH
Page 62 and 63: RHABDOCLINE NEEDLE CAST Rhabdocline
Page 66 and 67: Disease Cycle Calendar (Single Year
Page 70 and 71: Figure 3. Overwintering spruce spid
Page 72 and 73: SWISS NEEDLE CAST Phaeocryptopus g
Page 74 and 75: SHOOT AND BRANCH INJURY Diseases, i
Page 78 and 79: Figure 2. Cluster of eggs produced
Page 80 and 81: BOTRYTIS BLIGHT Botrytis cinerea Pe
Page 82 and 83: COOLEY SPRUCE GALL ADELGID ON SPRUC
Page 84 and 85: DIPLODIA (SPHAEROPSIS) TIP BLIGHT O
Page 86 and 87: EASTERN PINE WEEVIL (FORMERLY KNOWN
Page 88 and 89: EASTERN SPRUCE GALL ADELGID Adelges
Page 90 and 91: GALL RUSTS Eastern (Pine-Oak Gall R
Page 92 and 93: PALES WEEVIL Hylobius pales (Herbst
Page 94 and 95: PINE BARK ADELGID Pineus strobi (Ha
Page 96 and 97: PINE SHOOT BEETLE (OR COMMON PINE S
Page 100 and 101:
Figure 3. Female striped pine scale
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Figure 3. Elliptical cankers formed
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Figure 1. Adult weevils. Courtesy o
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Growing Season • Threshold level:
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Hosts • Most species of Christmas
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Hosts • Pines Damage Potential
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Hosts • Most Christmas tree speci
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Hosts • Scotch, Austrian, and red
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Control Options Biological • Use
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The second phase of the nematode li
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Through the summer, the larvae feed
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Figure 2. Larva feeding within the
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Chemical Damage Chemical damage can
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a certain area or may occur over th
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Shearing Damage Shearing can damage
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Mice and Voles Damage to trees from
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Fungicides, Herbicides, Insecticide
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APPENDIX A PEST AND DISEASE PHOTO C
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Name of Pest Trees Susceptible Page
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Page 142 and 143:
Page 144:
Page 147 and 148:
Targeted Pest(s) Biological Control
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Targeted Pest(s) Biological Control
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Conifer Species Genus (Group) Commo
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Seasonal Monitoring Guide Time of Y
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APPENDIX E INSECT TRAP USE AND CONS
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Figure 4. Bait vials attached to up
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Figure 11. Box traps placed at the
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APPENDIX F SCOUTING RECORD TEMPLATE
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Scouting Record Template for Common
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APPENDIX H SCOUTING RECORD TEMPLATE
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Growing Degree Day and Temperature
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Pesticide Application Record Templa
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Association of Natural Biocontrol P
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Gardens Alive!, Inc. 5100 Schenley
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CONTACT INFORMATION ...............
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PESTS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER Common
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Technical Sources Armillaria Root R
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Cyclaneusma Needle Cast Peterson, G
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Eriophyid Mites Day, E. “Pine Bud
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Mechanical Damage Brand, M. H., ed.
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Haack, B., and D. Kucera. “Pest A
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Nolte, D. L. 1998. “Effi cacy of
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Glossary Adelgid: members of the fa
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Glossary (continued) Pathogen: a pa
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Notes
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The PA IPM Program is a collaborati
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