Integrated Pest Management for Christmas Tree Production: A ...

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This chart provides a list of growing degree day ranges (see page 9 for explanation) that correspond with a particular pest life stage or life cycle event that is critical in the control of that pest. This information combined with scouting observations will help growers achieve the best control of pest problems on their farms. Growing Degree Day Ranges for Christmas Tree Pests Pest Name Degree Day Range Life Stage Comments Bagworm 650–750* Larvae emerge from bags Balsam twig aphid 30–100 Overwintering eggs hatch Conifer rust mites (eriophyid) 7–22 Overwintering eggs hatch Cooley spruce gall adelgid 22–81 Spring control of overwintering stage 2,800–3,000 Fall control of overwintering stage Cryptomeria scale 600–800* First-generation crawlers emerge 1,750–2,130* Second-generation crawlers emerge Douglas-fi r needle midge 200–400* Adults emerge from soil Eastern pine weevil 7–100 Overwintering adults become active Eastern spruce gall adelgid 22–170 Spring control of overwintering stage 2,800–3,000 Fall control of overwintering stage Elongate hemlock scale 360–700 Crawlers fi rst become active European pine sawfl y 78–220 Overwintering eggs hatch; larvae present Gypsy moth 90–448 Overwintering eggs hatch; larvae present Introduced pine sawfl y 400–600 Overwintering eggs hatch; larvae present Pales weevil 7–121 Overwintering adults become active; treatment to prevent egg laying Pine bark adelgid 22–58 Spring control of overwintering stage Pine needle scale 298–448 First-generation crawlers emerge 1,290–1,917 Second-generation crawlers emerge Pine root collar weevil 300–350 Overwintering adults become active Pine shoot beetle 450–550 New adults emerge Redheaded pine sawfl y 400–600 Overwintering eggs hatch; larvae present Spruce spider mite 50–121* Overwintering eggs hatch Striped pine scale 400–500 Eggs hatch and fi rst crawlers emerge (Toumeyella sp.) White pine weevil 7–58 Overwintering adults become active Zimmerman pine moth 121–246 Larvae emerge from overwintering sites *Based on observations in Pennsylvania. Monitoring of GDDs begins March 1. IPM FOR CHRISTMAS TREE PRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
This calendar gives a range of weeks of occurrence for each pest and pest event. The purpose of this calendar is to show growers how dates of particular pest events relate to others throughout the growing season. Because only weeks are given rather than specifi c dates, these are just approximate ranges. The information in this calendar was collected from 10 years of scouting Insect and Mite Calendar Pest Event Bagworm larvae emerge Balsam twig aphid eggs hatch Cooley spruce gall adelgid waxing over Cryptomeria scale crawlers emerge Douglas-fi r needle midge adults emerge Eastern spruce gall adelgid waxing over Eastern pine weevil adults emerge Elongate hemlock scale crawlers emerge Eriophyid mite* eggs hatch Gypsy moth larvae emerge Pales weevil adults emerge Pine bark adelgid crawlers emerge Pine needle scale crawlers emerge Sawfl ies larvae emerge Spruce spider mite* eggs hatch Striped pine scale crawlers emerge White pine weevil adults emerge *Population resurgence in September may require treatment, if numbers are high. early/late emergence peak emergence data in south-central and southeastern Pennsylvania, so these ranges will differ from the actual calendar dates in other areas of the country. This information should be combined with growing degree day calculations and scouting data to determine local occurrence. Bud break occurs from April to May and signals emergence of various insects, as well as infection periods of disease. Growing Season (weeks) March April May June July August 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 IPM BASICS ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 19
Page 2 and 3: IN MEMORIAM We dedicate this public
Page 4 and 5: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Project Coordinator
Page 7 and 8: INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT BASICS C
Page 9 and 10: STEP 2. Identifi cation and Underst
Page 11 and 12: STEP 3. Monitoring Trees for Pest P
Page 13 and 14: CLIPBOARD/FLAT SURFACE Hold a clipb
Page 15 and 16: Biological Control Biological contr
Page 17 and 18: Disadvantages: 1. Oils must come in
Page 19: Each individual state of the United
Page 24 and 25: NEEDLE DISCOLORATION AND INJURY The
Page 26 and 27: Figure 3. Immature bagworm larva. C
Page 28 and 29: BALSAM TWIG APHID Mindarus abietinu
Page 30 and 31: Figure 8. Larva of multicolored Asi
Page 32 and 33: Figure 5. Cooley eggs laid under th
Page 34 and 35: Figure 4. Adult male Cryptomeria sc
Page 36 and 37: CYCLANEUSMA NEEDLE CAST Cyclaneusma
Page 38 and 39: Control Options Biological • No r
Page 40 and 41: Figure 3. Eggs found tucked in the
Page 42 and 43: Figure 3. Female scales and mobile
Page 44 and 45: ERIOPHYID RUST AND SHEATH MITES Nal
Page 46 and 47: Growing Season • Growing degree d
Page 48 and 49: Figure 1. Gypsy moth egg mass. Cour
Page 50 and 51: LOPHODERMIUM NEEDLE CAST Lophodermi
Page 54 and 55: Figure 3. Adult female pine needle
Page 56 and 57: Figure 3. Colony of redheaded pine
Page 58 and 59: PLOIODERMA NEEDLE CAST Ploioderma l
Page 60 and 61: RED-BAND (DOTHISTROMA) NEEDLE BLIGH
Page 62 and 63: RHABDOCLINE NEEDLE CAST Rhabdocline
Page 66 and 67: Disease Cycle Calendar (Single Year
Page 68 and 69: Disease Cycle Calendar (Single Year
Page 70 and 71:
Figure 3. Overwintering spruce spid
Page 72 and 73:
SWISS NEEDLE CAST Phaeocryptopus g
Page 74 and 75:
SHOOT AND BRANCH INJURY Diseases, i
Page 76 and 77:
Disease Cycle Calendar (Single Year
Page 78 and 79:
Figure 2. Cluster of eggs produced
Page 80 and 81:
BOTRYTIS BLIGHT Botrytis cinerea Pe
Page 82 and 83:
COOLEY SPRUCE GALL ADELGID ON SPRUC
Page 84 and 85:
DIPLODIA (SPHAEROPSIS) TIP BLIGHT O
Page 86 and 87:
EASTERN PINE WEEVIL (FORMERLY KNOWN
Page 88 and 89:
EASTERN SPRUCE GALL ADELGID Adelges
Page 90 and 91:
GALL RUSTS Eastern (Pine-Oak Gall R
Page 92 and 93:
PALES WEEVIL Hylobius pales (Herbst
Page 94 and 95:
PINE BARK ADELGID Pineus strobi (Ha
Page 96 and 97:
PINE SHOOT BEETLE (OR COMMON PINE S
Page 98 and 99:
Control Options Biological • No r
Page 100 and 101:
Figure 3. Female striped pine scale
Page 102 and 103:
Figure 3. Elliptical cankers formed
Page 104 and 105:
Figure 1. Adult weevils. Courtesy o
Page 106:
Growing Season • Threshold level:
Page 109 and 110:
Hosts • Most species of Christmas
Page 111 and 112:
Hosts • Pines Damage Potential
Page 113 and 114:
Hosts • Most Christmas tree speci
Page 115 and 116:
Hosts • Scotch, Austrian, and red
Page 117 and 118:
Control Options Biological • Use
Page 119 and 120:
The second phase of the nematode li
Page 121 and 122:
Through the summer, the larvae feed
Page 123 and 124:
Figure 2. Larva feeding within the
Page 125 and 126:
Chemical Damage Chemical damage can
Page 127 and 128:
a certain area or may occur over th
Page 129 and 130:
Shearing Damage Shearing can damage
Page 131 and 132:
Mice and Voles Damage to trees from
Page 133:
Fungicides, Herbicides, Insecticide
Page 136 and 137:
APPENDIX A PEST AND DISEASE PHOTO C
Page 138 and 139:
Name of Pest Trees Susceptible Page
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144:
Page 147 and 148:
Targeted Pest(s) Biological Control
Page 149 and 150:
Targeted Pest(s) Biological Control
Page 151 and 152:
Conifer Species Genus (Group) Commo
Page 153 and 154:
Seasonal Monitoring Guide Time of Y
Page 156 and 157:
APPENDIX E INSECT TRAP USE AND CONS
Page 158 and 159:
Figure 4. Bait vials attached to up
Page 160 and 161:
Figure 11. Box traps placed at the
Page 162 and 163:
APPENDIX F SCOUTING RECORD TEMPLATE
Page 164:
Scouting Record Template for Common
Page 167 and 168:
Page 170 and 171:
APPENDIX H SCOUTING RECORD TEMPLATE
Page 172:
Page 175 and 176:
Growing Degree Day and Temperature
Page 177 and 178:
Pesticide Application Record Templa
Page 179 and 180:
Association of Natural Biocontrol P
Page 181 and 182:
Gardens Alive!, Inc. 5100 Schenley
Page 183 and 184:
CONTACT INFORMATION ...............
Page 185 and 186:
PESTS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER Common
Page 187 and 188:
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Page 189 and 190:
Technical Sources Armillaria Root R
Page 191 and 192:
Cyclaneusma Needle Cast Peterson, G
Page 193 and 194:
Eriophyid Mites Day, E. “Pine Bud
Page 195 and 196:
Mechanical Damage Brand, M. H., ed.
Page 197 and 198:
Haack, B., and D. Kucera. “Pest A
Page 199:
Nolte, D. L. 1998. “Effi cacy of
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Glossary Adelgid: members of the fa
Page 204 and 205:
Glossary (continued) Pathogen: a pa
Page 206 and 207:
Notes
Page 208:
The PA IPM Program is a collaborati
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