Integrated Pest Management for Christmas Tree Production: A ...

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NEEDLE DISCOLORATION AND INJURY The pest fact sheets on pages 23–71 are for disease, insect, and mite pests that damage needles and result in defoliation, discoloration, or distortion. The damage can vary from slight yellowing of needles to total loss of needles. Tree death is uncommon and only occurs if a pest population is unmanaged for several seasons. NEEDLE DISCOLORATION AND INJURY ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 22
Hosts • All species of Christmas trees and ornamental conifers • Occasionally found on deciduous trees and shrubs • Host list includes more than 120 species of trees and shrubs Damage Potential • Moderate–high Symptoms and Signs • Brown spots on foliage • Missing needles (current year’s growth) • Brown, conelike bags hanging from branches • Dead branches Causes of Similar Symptoms • Gypsy moths occasionally defoliate some Christmas trees • Grass bagworm and snail-cased bagworm occasionally found on conifers but do not cause damage Identifi cation Bagworm is a caterpillar that molts into a moth in the adult stage. They are easiest to identify by the bags they construct as they feed. Bags on spruce will look completely different from those on arborvitae or honey locust because the host plant material is incorporated into the bag. Each bag can be up to 1½–2½ inches (38–63 millimeters, mm) long when the larva is mature. If you observe a bag closely, you will see that the caterpillar’s shiny black head and fi rst pair of legs are exposed as it feeds. The robust body of the caterpillar is pale yellow, mottled with black, and may be up to 1½ inches (38 mm) long when mature. Adult bagworms are seldom seen. Females have no wings and never emerge from the bag they construct in the caterpillar stage. Since they do not have wings or legs, they resemble maggots. The male Calendar of Activities Symptoms Monitor Mechanical Control Spray Control moths have two pairs of wings and three pairs of legs. Their wings are transparent with black borders and their bodies are dark and fuzzy. Male bagworms are about ¾ inch (15–18 mm) long from head to the tip of the abdomen. Their wingspan is approximately 1 inch (25 mm). Biology and Life Cycle Bagworms overwinter as eggs inside the bag constructed by the female (Fig. 1). In late May through mid-June, eggs hatch and the larvae crawl out the bottom of this bag. They spin down on a thin strand of silk (a habit known as “ballooning”). Larvae will settle to feed on lower branches or may be blown to nearby plants during the ballooning stage. When they reach a suitable host, the larvae begin to feed and produce silk to construct individual bags around their bodies (Fig. 2). Plant debris is woven into Figure 1. Bagworm eggs inside the female’s bag. Courtesy of Sandy Gardosik, PDA Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Monitor in late August–September for male moth emergence (see Control Options section). Figure 2. Immature larvae feeding on Douglas-fi r; needles show symptoms of early damage. Courtesy of Sandy Gardosik, PDA BAGWORM Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth) Bagworm feeding damage. Courtesy of Sandy Gardosik, PDA BAGWORM ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ..................................................................... 24 23
Page 2 and 3: IN MEMORIAM We dedicate this public
Page 4 and 5: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Project Coordinator
Page 7 and 8: INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT BASICS C
Page 9 and 10: STEP 2. Identifi cation and Underst
Page 11 and 12: STEP 3. Monitoring Trees for Pest P
Page 13 and 14: CLIPBOARD/FLAT SURFACE Hold a clipb
Page 15 and 16: Biological Control Biological contr
Page 17 and 18: Disadvantages: 1. Oils must come in
Page 19 and 20: Each individual state of the United
Page 21: This calendar gives a range of week
Page 26 and 27: Figure 3. Immature bagworm larva. C
Page 28 and 29: BALSAM TWIG APHID Mindarus abietinu
Page 30 and 31: Figure 8. Larva of multicolored Asi
Page 32 and 33: Figure 5. Cooley eggs laid under th
Page 34 and 35: Figure 4. Adult male Cryptomeria sc
Page 36 and 37: CYCLANEUSMA NEEDLE CAST Cyclaneusma
Page 38 and 39: Control Options Biological • No r
Page 40 and 41: Figure 3. Eggs found tucked in the
Page 42 and 43: Figure 3. Female scales and mobile
Page 44 and 45: ERIOPHYID RUST AND SHEATH MITES Nal
Page 46 and 47: Growing Season • Growing degree d
Page 48 and 49: Figure 1. Gypsy moth egg mass. Cour
Page 50 and 51: LOPHODERMIUM NEEDLE CAST Lophodermi
Page 54 and 55: Figure 3. Adult female pine needle
Page 56 and 57: Figure 3. Colony of redheaded pine
Page 58 and 59: PLOIODERMA NEEDLE CAST Ploioderma l
Page 60 and 61: RED-BAND (DOTHISTROMA) NEEDLE BLIGH
Page 62 and 63: RHABDOCLINE NEEDLE CAST Rhabdocline
Page 66 and 67: Disease Cycle Calendar (Single Year
Page 68 and 69: Disease Cycle Calendar (Single Year
Page 70 and 71: Figure 3. Overwintering spruce spid
Page 72 and 73: SWISS NEEDLE CAST Phaeocryptopus g
Page 74 and 75:
SHOOT AND BRANCH INJURY Diseases, i
Page 76 and 77:
Disease Cycle Calendar (Single Year
Page 78 and 79:
Figure 2. Cluster of eggs produced
Page 80 and 81:
BOTRYTIS BLIGHT Botrytis cinerea Pe
Page 82 and 83:
COOLEY SPRUCE GALL ADELGID ON SPRUC
Page 84 and 85:
DIPLODIA (SPHAEROPSIS) TIP BLIGHT O
Page 86 and 87:
EASTERN PINE WEEVIL (FORMERLY KNOWN
Page 88 and 89:
EASTERN SPRUCE GALL ADELGID Adelges
Page 90 and 91:
GALL RUSTS Eastern (Pine-Oak Gall R
Page 92 and 93:
PALES WEEVIL Hylobius pales (Herbst
Page 94 and 95:
PINE BARK ADELGID Pineus strobi (Ha
Page 96 and 97:
PINE SHOOT BEETLE (OR COMMON PINE S
Page 98 and 99:
Control Options Biological • No r
Page 100 and 101:
Figure 3. Female striped pine scale
Page 102 and 103:
Figure 3. Elliptical cankers formed
Page 104 and 105:
Figure 1. Adult weevils. Courtesy o
Page 106:
Growing Season • Threshold level:
Page 109 and 110:
Hosts • Most species of Christmas
Page 111 and 112:
Hosts • Pines Damage Potential
Page 113 and 114:
Hosts • Most Christmas tree speci
Page 115 and 116:
Hosts • Scotch, Austrian, and red
Page 117 and 118:
Control Options Biological • Use
Page 119 and 120:
The second phase of the nematode li
Page 121 and 122:
Through the summer, the larvae feed
Page 123 and 124:
Figure 2. Larva feeding within the
Page 125 and 126:
Chemical Damage Chemical damage can
Page 127 and 128:
a certain area or may occur over th
Page 129 and 130:
Shearing Damage Shearing can damage
Page 131 and 132:
Mice and Voles Damage to trees from
Page 133:
Fungicides, Herbicides, Insecticide
Page 136 and 137:
APPENDIX A PEST AND DISEASE PHOTO C
Page 138 and 139:
Name of Pest Trees Susceptible Page
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144:
Page 147 and 148:
Targeted Pest(s) Biological Control
Page 149 and 150:
Targeted Pest(s) Biological Control
Page 151 and 152:
Conifer Species Genus (Group) Commo
Page 153 and 154:
Seasonal Monitoring Guide Time of Y
Page 156 and 157:
APPENDIX E INSECT TRAP USE AND CONS
Page 158 and 159:
Figure 4. Bait vials attached to up
Page 160 and 161:
Figure 11. Box traps placed at the
Page 162 and 163:
APPENDIX F SCOUTING RECORD TEMPLATE
Page 164:
Scouting Record Template for Common
Page 167 and 168:
Page 170 and 171:
APPENDIX H SCOUTING RECORD TEMPLATE
Page 172:
Page 175 and 176:
Growing Degree Day and Temperature
Page 177 and 178:
Pesticide Application Record Templa
Page 179 and 180:
Association of Natural Biocontrol P
Page 181 and 182:
Gardens Alive!, Inc. 5100 Schenley
Page 183 and 184:
CONTACT INFORMATION ...............
Page 185 and 186:
PESTS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER Common
Page 187 and 188:
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Page 189 and 190:
Technical Sources Armillaria Root R
Page 191 and 192:
Cyclaneusma Needle Cast Peterson, G
Page 193 and 194:
Eriophyid Mites Day, E. “Pine Bud
Page 195 and 196:
Mechanical Damage Brand, M. H., ed.
Page 197 and 198:
Haack, B., and D. Kucera. “Pest A
Page 199:
Nolte, D. L. 1998. “Effi cacy of
Page 202 and 203:
Glossary Adelgid: members of the fa
Page 204 and 205:
Glossary (continued) Pathogen: a pa
Page 206 and 207:
Notes
Page 208:
The PA IPM Program is a collaborati
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