Integrated Pest Management for Christmas Tree Production: A ...

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Control Options Biological • No recommendations are available at this time. Mechanical • Remove and destroy severely infected trees. • Remove dead needles beneath infected trees. • Examine needles around stumps for symptoms; remove infected needles if present. • Shear nondiseased trees prior to diseased trees to minimize spread of the fungus. Biorational • No recommendations are available at this time. Chemical • Fungicide application: In Pennsylvania, fi ve spray applications of an appropriate fungicide effectively treat the disease; spray in late March, early May, mid-June, mid-August, and early October. Next Crop/Prevention • Buy disease-free and/or resistant stock from a reputable nursery. • Scout in late fall for new trees just starting to show signs of infection. • Avoid planting next to old Scotch pine stands that may harbor disease. NEEDLE DISCOLORATION AND INJURY ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 36
Hosts • Douglas-fi r Damage Potential • Moderate–high Symptoms and Signs Summer Through Fall • Swollen areas on current year’s needles; needle may bend at gall • Pale or yellow spot(s) on both sides of needle; needle may turn purple or brown in fall • Premature needle loss Causes of Similar Symptoms • Rhabdocline needle cast • Cooley adelgid Identifi cation The Douglas-fi r needle midge is a tiny, orange-colored fl y, approximately 1 ⁄8 inch (5 mm) long. During the emergence period in spring, look for minute, orange fl ies resting on the tips of needles. Females can be distinguished by a very long ovipositor with which they probe between bud scales and into partially opened buds. This elongate ovipositor enables the female to deposit the long, narrow, orange-colored eggs in protected areas. A hand lens is needed to view the eggs. A white, legless maggot lacking a distinct head hatches from each egg and bores directly into the needle. In response to the maggot’s feeding, the needle produces excessive tissue, resulting in one or more swollen areas on the needle. There may be a minute, orange spot visible on the underside of the needle at the larval entrance site. When mature galls are carefully sliced open, a pale maggot may be found, generally under the entrance spot. At maturity, the maggot is about 1 ⁄8 inch (5 mm) long. After the maggot has dropped out of the needle to pupate Calendar of Activities in the ground, an irregular, three-sided exit hole can be seen in the epidermis on the underside of the affected needle. In fall and winter, damaged needles drop from the tree or break at the gall location, making winter scouting more diffi cult. Biology and Life Cycle Douglas-fi r needle midge overwinters as a mature larva in soil beneath an infested tree. In March–April, it pupates in the soil and the adult midge emerges (Fig. 1). The emergence period is generally from mid- April through early May and depends on the weather conditions at each site. Rain and cool temperatures delay emergence. Mating and oviposition occur immediately after emergence and adults die shortly thereafter (Fig. 2). The peak emergence period lasts about 7–10 days. Figure 1. Female Douglas-fi r needle midge. Courtesy of Sandy Gardosik, PDA Figure 2. Adult midge (circled) resting on a Douglas-fi r bud. Courtesy of Sandy Gardosik, PDA Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Symptoms Monitor Mechanical Control Spray Control *Place emergence traps during the monitoring time. Control measures occur based on trap catch. DOUGLAS-FIR NEEDLE MIDGE Contarinia pseudotsugae Condrashoff Kinking caused by Douglas-fi r needle midge larvae. Courtesy of Tracey Olson, PDA DOUGLAS-FIR NEEDLE MIDGE .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................... 29 37
Page 2 and 3: IN MEMORIAM We dedicate this public
Page 4 and 5: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Project Coordinator
Page 7 and 8: INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT BASICS C
Page 9 and 10: STEP 2. Identifi cation and Underst
Page 11 and 12: STEP 3. Monitoring Trees for Pest P
Page 13 and 14: CLIPBOARD/FLAT SURFACE Hold a clipb
Page 15 and 16: Biological Control Biological contr
Page 17 and 18: Disadvantages: 1. Oils must come in
Page 19 and 20: Each individual state of the United
Page 21: This calendar gives a range of week
Page 24 and 25: NEEDLE DISCOLORATION AND INJURY The
Page 26 and 27: Figure 3. Immature bagworm larva. C
Page 28 and 29: BALSAM TWIG APHID Mindarus abietinu
Page 30 and 31: Figure 8. Larva of multicolored Asi
Page 32 and 33: Figure 5. Cooley eggs laid under th
Page 34 and 35: Figure 4. Adult male Cryptomeria sc
Page 36 and 37: CYCLANEUSMA NEEDLE CAST Cyclaneusma
Page 40 and 41: Figure 3. Eggs found tucked in the
Page 42 and 43: Figure 3. Female scales and mobile
Page 44 and 45: ERIOPHYID RUST AND SHEATH MITES Nal
Page 46 and 47: Growing Season • Growing degree d
Page 48 and 49: Figure 1. Gypsy moth egg mass. Cour
Page 50 and 51: LOPHODERMIUM NEEDLE CAST Lophodermi
Page 52 and 53: Control Options Biological • No r
Page 54 and 55: Figure 3. Adult female pine needle
Page 56 and 57: Figure 3. Colony of redheaded pine
Page 58 and 59: PLOIODERMA NEEDLE CAST Ploioderma l
Page 60 and 61: RED-BAND (DOTHISTROMA) NEEDLE BLIGH
Page 62 and 63: RHABDOCLINE NEEDLE CAST Rhabdocline
Page 64 and 65: Control Options Biological • No r
Page 66 and 67: Disease Cycle Calendar (Single Year
Page 70 and 71: Figure 3. Overwintering spruce spid
Page 72 and 73: SWISS NEEDLE CAST Phaeocryptopus g
Page 74 and 75: SHOOT AND BRANCH INJURY Diseases, i
Page 78 and 79: Figure 2. Cluster of eggs produced
Page 80 and 81: BOTRYTIS BLIGHT Botrytis cinerea Pe
Page 82 and 83: COOLEY SPRUCE GALL ADELGID ON SPRUC
Page 84 and 85: DIPLODIA (SPHAEROPSIS) TIP BLIGHT O
Page 86 and 87: EASTERN PINE WEEVIL (FORMERLY KNOWN
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EASTERN SPRUCE GALL ADELGID Adelges
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GALL RUSTS Eastern (Pine-Oak Gall R
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PALES WEEVIL Hylobius pales (Herbst
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PINE BARK ADELGID Pineus strobi (Ha
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PINE SHOOT BEETLE (OR COMMON PINE S
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Control Options Biological • No r
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Figure 3. Female striped pine scale
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Figure 3. Elliptical cankers formed
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Figure 1. Adult weevils. Courtesy o
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Growing Season • Threshold level:
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Hosts • Most species of Christmas
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Hosts • Pines Damage Potential
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Hosts • Most Christmas tree speci
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Hosts • Scotch, Austrian, and red
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Control Options Biological • Use
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The second phase of the nematode li
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Through the summer, the larvae feed
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Figure 2. Larva feeding within the
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Chemical Damage Chemical damage can
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a certain area or may occur over th
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Shearing Damage Shearing can damage
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Mice and Voles Damage to trees from
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Fungicides, Herbicides, Insecticide
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APPENDIX A PEST AND DISEASE PHOTO C
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Name of Pest Trees Susceptible Page
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Page 142 and 143:
Page 144:
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Targeted Pest(s) Biological Control
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Targeted Pest(s) Biological Control
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Conifer Species Genus (Group) Commo
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Seasonal Monitoring Guide Time of Y
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APPENDIX E INSECT TRAP USE AND CONS
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Figure 4. Bait vials attached to up
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Figure 11. Box traps placed at the
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APPENDIX F SCOUTING RECORD TEMPLATE
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Scouting Record Template for Common
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APPENDIX H SCOUTING RECORD TEMPLATE
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Growing Degree Day and Temperature
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Pesticide Application Record Templa
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Association of Natural Biocontrol P
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Gardens Alive!, Inc. 5100 Schenley
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CONTACT INFORMATION ...............
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PESTS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER Common
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Technical Sources Armillaria Root R
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Cyclaneusma Needle Cast Peterson, G
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Eriophyid Mites Day, E. “Pine Bud
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Mechanical Damage Brand, M. H., ed.
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Haack, B., and D. Kucera. “Pest A
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Nolte, D. L. 1998. “Effi cacy of
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Glossary Adelgid: members of the fa
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Glossary (continued) Pathogen: a pa
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Notes
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The PA IPM Program is a collaborati
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