Integrated Pest Management for Christmas Tree Production: A ...

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Figure 5. Cooley eggs laid under the waxy fringe of the mature female. Courtesy of Sandy Gardosik, PDA Figure 6. Cooley nymphs feeding on new growth of Douglas-fi r, resulting in needle kinking. Courtesy of PDA Figure 7. Kinked needles and chlorosis caused by nymph feeding. Courtesy of Rayanne D. Lehman, PDA Two types of females result from these overwintering forms: wingless females that will remain on Douglas-fi r and winged females that can fl y to spruce and complete a nondamaging generation. The wingless females produce a cluster of up to 100 eggs (Fig. 5), which begin to hatch as trees break bud. Nymphs crawl into the opening buds and feed on the elongating needles (Fig. 6). Chlorotic spots and bending of the needles result from the nymphs feeding, but no gall results. (Fig. 7). Subsequent generations occur on Douglas-fi r through the season, but the fi rst generation is the most damaging. Monitoring and Management Strategies Plantation Establishment • When planting, separate Colorado blue spruce and Douglas-fi r trees. This will not eliminate problems, but it may help lessen the severity. • Plant resistant/tolerant Douglas-fi r varieties. • Remove any mature Colorado blue spruce or Douglas-fi r that may be sources of infestation. Preseason • Scout for overwintering nymphs on the underside of needles. • Examine the undersides of needles on inner branches as well as last year’s growth. Growing Season • Growing degree days: The recommended control period against nymphs is 22–81 GDDs in the spring (before nymphs wax over) and 2,800–3,000 GDDs in the fall. • Threshold level: No threshold has been established. Control for 2 years before harvest to have damage-free needles. • At the end of the season, evaluate results and update records. Control Options Biological • Encourage natural predators such as lacewings, assassin bugs, and lady beetles. Mechanical • No recommendations are available at this time. Biorational • No recommendations are available at this time. Chemical • Dormant oil: Overwintering nymphs can be controlled by applying dormant oil before new growth starts in early spring or in late fall after fi rst frost when trees are not actively growing. • Spring insecticide: The fi rst application should occur after nymphs/immature females begin to swell but before they produce white, waxy threads to cover themselves. A second application in 7–10 days may be needed but must occur before bud break. • Fall insecticide: A single spray should be applied in late September or October to control the exposed nymphs and immature females before overwintering. • Insecticide applications are not recommended during the growing season since most stages will be protected under waxy threads or inside galls. Next Crop/Prevention • Purchase and plant pest-free nursery stock from a reputable company. NEEDLE DISCOLORATION AND INJURY ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 30
Hosts • True fi rs, especially Fraser, Canaan, and balsam • All other conifer species Damage Potential • Moderate–high Symptoms and Signs • Damage to denser, lower, and inner branches of the tree • Mottled yellowing on needle tops • Premature needle drop Causes of Similar Symptoms • Elongate hemlock scale • Spruce spider mite Identifi cation Cryptomeria scale is an armored scale found on the underside of needles. Observed with a hand lens, the scale resembles a fried egg. The yellow, soft-bodied scale insect is protected beneath a whitish-gray, oval cover. Yellow, cast skins of the immature scales can be seen centrally under the translucent scale cover. The scale covering is the structure most frequently observed and will easily slough off when rubbed with your fi nger. When the scale covering is removed, it frequently leaves a solid green ring on the white stomata on the needle. The female covering is about 1 ⁄20 inch (1.0–1.5 mm) long and the immature male covering is slightly smaller. Underneath the covering, the adult female scale is a yellow, fl attened oval that lacks legs or a distinct head. Prying the insect from the needle may reveal the extremely long, thin mouthparts inserted in the needle. Adult male scales are winged and rarely seen. Eggs deposited under the female covering are oval and yellow. The pale yellow, lozenge-shaped crawlers are about 1 ⁄100 inch long (0.25 mm) and visible to the naked eye after they have moved from under the female cover. Calendar of Activities Symptoms Monitor Mechanical Control Spray Control Biology and Life Cycle All stages of Cryptomeria scale are found on the underside of needles. The crawlers and males are the only stages capable of moving about on the needles. All other immature stages and the females are sedentary, remaining on the site where they fi rst inserted their piercing-sucking mouthparts to feed (Fig. 1). This feeding causes chlorotic spotting on the needles (Fig. 2), which may give an infested tree a yellow appearance beginning at its base (Fig. 3). Figure 1. Heavy infestation of mature Cryptomeria scales. Courtesy of Sandy Gardosik, PDA Figure 2. Chlorotic damage from scale feeding. Courtesy of Cathy Thomas, PDA Figure 3. Yellowed trees with Cryptomeria scale damage. Courtesy of Cathy Thomas, PDA Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. CRYPTOMERIA SCALE Aspidiotus cryptomeriae Kuwana Chlorotic damage from Cryptomeria scale feeding on the undersides of needles. Courtesy of Sandy Gardosik, PDA CRYPTOMERIA SCALE ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................... 29 31
Page 2 and 3: IN MEMORIAM We dedicate this public
Page 4 and 5: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Project Coordinator
Page 7 and 8: INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT BASICS C
Page 9 and 10: STEP 2. Identifi cation and Underst
Page 11 and 12: STEP 3. Monitoring Trees for Pest P
Page 13 and 14: CLIPBOARD/FLAT SURFACE Hold a clipb
Page 15 and 16: Biological Control Biological contr
Page 17 and 18: Disadvantages: 1. Oils must come in
Page 19 and 20: Each individual state of the United
Page 21: This calendar gives a range of week
Page 24 and 25: NEEDLE DISCOLORATION AND INJURY The
Page 26 and 27: Figure 3. Immature bagworm larva. C
Page 28 and 29: BALSAM TWIG APHID Mindarus abietinu
Page 30 and 31: Figure 8. Larva of multicolored Asi
Page 34 and 35: Figure 4. Adult male Cryptomeria sc
Page 36 and 37: CYCLANEUSMA NEEDLE CAST Cyclaneusma
Page 38 and 39: Control Options Biological • No r
Page 40 and 41: Figure 3. Eggs found tucked in the
Page 42 and 43: Figure 3. Female scales and mobile
Page 44 and 45: ERIOPHYID RUST AND SHEATH MITES Nal
Page 46 and 47: Growing Season • Growing degree d
Page 48 and 49: Figure 1. Gypsy moth egg mass. Cour
Page 50 and 51: LOPHODERMIUM NEEDLE CAST Lophodermi
Page 54 and 55: Figure 3. Adult female pine needle
Page 56 and 57: Figure 3. Colony of redheaded pine
Page 58 and 59: PLOIODERMA NEEDLE CAST Ploioderma l
Page 60 and 61: RED-BAND (DOTHISTROMA) NEEDLE BLIGH
Page 62 and 63: RHABDOCLINE NEEDLE CAST Rhabdocline
Page 66 and 67: Disease Cycle Calendar (Single Year
Page 70 and 71: Figure 3. Overwintering spruce spid
Page 72 and 73: SWISS NEEDLE CAST Phaeocryptopus g
Page 74 and 75: SHOOT AND BRANCH INJURY Diseases, i
Page 78 and 79: Figure 2. Cluster of eggs produced
Page 80 and 81: BOTRYTIS BLIGHT Botrytis cinerea Pe
Page 82 and 83:
COOLEY SPRUCE GALL ADELGID ON SPRUC
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DIPLODIA (SPHAEROPSIS) TIP BLIGHT O
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EASTERN PINE WEEVIL (FORMERLY KNOWN
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EASTERN SPRUCE GALL ADELGID Adelges
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GALL RUSTS Eastern (Pine-Oak Gall R
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PALES WEEVIL Hylobius pales (Herbst
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PINE BARK ADELGID Pineus strobi (Ha
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PINE SHOOT BEETLE (OR COMMON PINE S
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Control Options Biological • No r
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Figure 3. Female striped pine scale
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Figure 3. Elliptical cankers formed
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Figure 1. Adult weevils. Courtesy o
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Growing Season • Threshold level:
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Hosts • Most species of Christmas
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Hosts • Pines Damage Potential
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Hosts • Most Christmas tree speci
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Hosts • Scotch, Austrian, and red
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Control Options Biological • Use
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The second phase of the nematode li
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Through the summer, the larvae feed
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Figure 2. Larva feeding within the
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Chemical Damage Chemical damage can
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a certain area or may occur over th
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Shearing Damage Shearing can damage
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Mice and Voles Damage to trees from
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Fungicides, Herbicides, Insecticide
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APPENDIX A PEST AND DISEASE PHOTO C
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Name of Pest Trees Susceptible Page
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Page 142 and 143:
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Targeted Pest(s) Biological Control
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Targeted Pest(s) Biological Control
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Conifer Species Genus (Group) Commo
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Seasonal Monitoring Guide Time of Y
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APPENDIX E INSECT TRAP USE AND CONS
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Figure 4. Bait vials attached to up
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Figure 11. Box traps placed at the
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APPENDIX F SCOUTING RECORD TEMPLATE
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Scouting Record Template for Common
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APPENDIX H SCOUTING RECORD TEMPLATE
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Growing Degree Day and Temperature
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Pesticide Application Record Templa
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Association of Natural Biocontrol P
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Gardens Alive!, Inc. 5100 Schenley
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CONTACT INFORMATION ...............
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PESTS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER Common
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Technical Sources Armillaria Root R
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Cyclaneusma Needle Cast Peterson, G
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Eriophyid Mites Day, E. “Pine Bud
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Mechanical Damage Brand, M. H., ed.
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Haack, B., and D. Kucera. “Pest A
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Nolte, D. L. 1998. “Effi cacy of
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Glossary Adelgid: members of the fa
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Glossary (continued) Pathogen: a pa
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Notes
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The PA IPM Program is a collaborati
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