use of tumor markers in testicular, prostate, colorectal, breast, and ...
use of tumor markers in testicular, prostate, colorectal, breast, and ...
use of tumor markers in testicular, prostate, colorectal, breast, and ...
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Table 11. Useful <strong>and</strong> Potentially Useful Markers for Breast Cancer<br />
Cancer Marker Proposed Use/Uses Phase <strong>of</strong> Development LOE* Ref<br />
Tissue-Based Markers<br />
Estrogen receptor (ER) For predict<strong>in</strong>g response to hormone therapy <strong>in</strong> In cl<strong>in</strong>ical <strong>use</strong> I (330, 331, 576)<br />
both early <strong>and</strong> advanced <strong>breast</strong> cancer<br />
In comb<strong>in</strong>ation with other factors for assess<strong>in</strong>g In cl<strong>in</strong>ical <strong>use</strong> III (576, 577)<br />
prognosis <strong>in</strong> <strong>breast</strong> cancer. ER alone is a<br />
relatively weak prognostic factor<br />
Progesterone Usually comb<strong>in</strong>ed with ER for predict<strong>in</strong>g response In cl<strong>in</strong>ical <strong>use</strong> I/II (578, 579)<br />
receptors (PR) to hormone therapy<br />
HER-2 Determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g prognosis, most <strong>use</strong>ful <strong>in</strong> In cl<strong>in</strong>ical <strong>use</strong> <strong>in</strong> some centers II-III (580)<br />
node-positive patients. Conflict<strong>in</strong>g data<br />
<strong>in</strong> node-negative patients<br />
For select<strong>in</strong>g patients with either early or In cl<strong>in</strong>ical <strong>use</strong> I (581-583)<br />
metastatic <strong>breast</strong> cancer for treatment<br />
with Trastuzumab (Hercept<strong>in</strong>)<br />
For predict<strong>in</strong>g resistance to tamoxifen therapy <strong>in</strong> Results conflict<strong>in</strong>g, undergo<strong>in</strong>g III (348, 349)<br />
<strong>breast</strong> cancer, may be predictive <strong>of</strong> relative further evaluation<br />
resistance to tamoxifen <strong>in</strong> patients with early<br />
<strong>breast</strong> cancer<br />
For predict<strong>in</strong>g resistance to CMF <strong>in</strong> early <strong>breast</strong> Results conflict<strong>in</strong>g, undergo<strong>in</strong>g III (348, 349)<br />
cancer, may be predictive <strong>of</strong> relative resistance further evaluation<br />
to CMF <strong>in</strong> patients with early <strong>breast</strong> cancer<br />
For select<strong>in</strong>g response to anthracycl<strong>in</strong>e-based Undergo<strong>in</strong>g further evaluation II/III (348, 349, 351, 352)<br />
therapy <strong>in</strong> early <strong>breast</strong> cancer, HER-2 may be<br />
associated with an enhanced response to<br />
anthracycl<strong>in</strong>e-based therapy**<br />
Urok<strong>in</strong>ase plasm<strong>in</strong>ogen For determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g prognosis <strong>in</strong> <strong>breast</strong>, cancer, Prognostic value validated <strong>in</strong> I (361-363)<br />
activator (uPA) <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the subgroup with axillary both a prospective r<strong>and</strong>omised<br />
node-negative disease trial <strong>and</strong> a pooled-analysis.<br />
In cl<strong>in</strong>ical <strong>use</strong> <strong>in</strong> parts <strong>of</strong> Europe,<br />
e.g. Germany.<br />
For predict<strong>in</strong>g resistance to hormone therapy <strong>in</strong> Undergo<strong>in</strong>g evaluation III-IV (584, 585)<br />
advanced <strong>breast</strong> cancer<br />
For predict<strong>in</strong>g enhanced response to Undergo<strong>in</strong>g evaluation III (364, 365, 586)<br />
chemotherapy <strong>in</strong> early <strong>breast</strong> cancer
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