screening elite genotypes and ipm of defoliators in groundnut

4.2.4.2 50 days after sowing
The defoliation percentage was more (39.8) in module-III followed by module-I (35.8)
and less (29.0) in module –II and at 50 days after sowing. All the three modules varied
significantly from each other as per Paired ‘t’ value (Table 12).
4.2.4.3 65 days after sowing
The per cent defoliation was highest in module-III (25.2) followed by module-I (22.2)
and least in module-II (16.4) at 65 days after sowing. As per Paired ‘t’ value, all the three
modules differ significantly from each other (Table 12).
4.2.5 The management of Spodoptera litura in IPM modules of groundnut
The management of Spodoptera litura in IPM modules of groundnut is given in table
13. Two sprays 45 and 60 days after sowing was done and observations have taken. All the
three treatments differed significantly in percent defoliation before spraying in both the cases.
Module III has shown significantly higher defoliation percentage (43.6, 24.4) followed by
module I (37.8, 17.4) and lowest observed in module II (31.8, 15.4) in first and second spray
respectively.
In first spray, 7DAS defoliation percentage and larvae per mt row were counted. All
three treatments differed significantly in both the observations. Module III reported
significantly highest defoliation and larvae (39.8 and 4.2) followed by module I (35.8 and 3.2)
and the module II showed less defoliation and larvae (29.0 and 2.2). Observations taken 15
DAS also showed the same trend showing significantly higher defoliation and larvae in
module III (25.2 and 3.8) followed by module I (22.2 and 3.0) and lowest in module II (16.4
and 1.6).
In second spray, 7DAS per cent defoliation and larvae per mt row were recorded. All
three treatments varied significantly in both the observations. M- III showed significantly
highest defoliation and larvae (24.4 and 3.6) followed by M-I (21.2 and 2.6) and the M -II
showed less defoliation and larvae (15.4 and 1.8). Observations taken 15 DAS also followed
the same trend showing significantly higher defoliation and larvae in M-III (19.4 and 3.4)
followed by M-I (17.4 and 2.0) and lowest in M- II (12.4 and 1.2).
4.2.6 Incidence of sucking and defoliating insect pest on sunflower crop
4.2.6.1 Sucking pests
Leafhoppers, both nymphs and adults were found to suck the plant sap, starting from
21 DAS to 63 DAS. The leafhopper population varied from 1.02 to 2.04 / top three leaves with
an average of 1.49 ± 0.32 (Table 14).
Thrips, Thrips palmi were noticed on the crop from 21 DAS to 63 DAS. The
population of thrips ranged from 1.42 to 2.64 / top three leaves with an average of 1.24 ±
0.29. The nymphs and adults were found to attack and suck the sap from the tender leaves
(Table 14).
Aphids, Aphis sp were observed on the crop from 21 DAS to 63 DAS. Both nymphs
and adults were found feeding around succulent parts and under surface of tender leaves.
The aphid population differed from 0.86 to 1.84 per top three leaves with the mean value of
1.28 ± 0.34.
4.2.6.2 Defoliators
DAS.
Semilooper, Thysanoplusia orichalcea was noticed on the crop from 37 DAS to 79