is10_sb_unit_d

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Buildings reflected in an Amsterdam canal Skills You Will Use In this chapter, you will: • investigate the laws of reflection using plane and curved mirrors • predict characteristics of images formed by mirrors and test those predictions • investigate the refraction of light • use ray diagrams and equations to predict position and characteristics of images formed by lenses • calculate the velocity of light as it refracts through different media Concepts You Will Learn In this chapter, you will: • describe images formed by mirrors and lenses • explain partial and total reflection and refraction • identify the factors that affect refraction as light passes from one medium to another Why It Is Important Our understanding of light as a ray that travels in a straight line has led to the invention of mirrors and lenses that perform a variety of functions. Learning about light will help you understand, select, and use optical devices and vision aids. Before Reading Reading Diagrams Diagrams provide a lot of information, often in a small format. You may have to read diagrams differently from word text. Skim this chapter, and preview the diagrams. How are they similar to and different from each other? What are some important features that may help you to understand diagrams? Key Terms • angle of incidence • angle of reflection • angle of refraction • concave • convex • focal length • focal point • magnification • mirage • normal refraction • virtual image Ray diagrams model the behaviour of light in mirrors and lenses. 415
11.1 Mirrors Here is a summary of what you will learn in this section: • The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. • Plane mirrors produce a virtual image that is upright and located as far behind the mirror as the reflected object is in front of it. • Concave mirrors produce an enlarged, upright, virtual image if the object is closer to the mirror than the focal point. • Concave mirrors produce an inverted, real image if the object is farther away from the mirror than the focal point. • Convex mirrors produce an upright, virtual image that is smaller than the object. Figure 11.2 The construction of the mirror 416 UNIT D Light and Geometric Optics Figure 11.1 The stainless steel mirror above Viganella is controlled by computer to follow the path of the Sun. Brightening a Winter’s Day Summer in the Italian village of Viganella high in the Italian Alps is peaceful, warm, and above all — sunny. But winter is another story. As the hours of daylight shrink each autumn and the Sun spends less and less time above the horizon each passing day, Viganella loses its direct view of the Sun. Viganella is located at the bottom of a steep valley, and every winter the mountains block out the Sun’s rays from November 11 to February 2. During this time, the village is completely in the mountain’s shadow. But thanks to the science of optics, that situation has now changed. In 2006, a large flat mirror was placed at the top of one of the nearby mountains and directed at the village square (Figure 11.1). Airlifted into position with a helicopter at a total cost of about $170 000, the 5 m 8 m rectangular sheet of stainless steel is perched high above Viganella (Figure 11.2).
Page 1 and 2: UNIT D Light travels through colour
Page 3 and 4: Exploring These doctors are examini
Page 5 and 6: 0 Light is part of the electromagne
Page 7 and 8: 10.1 Here is a summary of what you
Page 9 and 10: During Reading Graphics Support Tex
Page 11 and 12: Uses of the Electromagnetic Spectru
Page 13 and 14: light source white light prism scre
Page 15 and 16: Figure 10.19 The subtractive theory
Page 17 and 18: DI Key Activity D4 Quick Lab Seeing
Page 21 and 22: WORDS MATTER “Incandescent” has
Page 23 and 24: During Reading Get the Picture Even
Page 25 and 26: Figure 10.36 Plasma screens use flu
Page 27 and 28: D7 Quick Lab Analyzing Light Source
Page 31 and 32: Figure 10.42 Light rays travel away
Page 33 and 34: Suggested Activities • • D10 Qu
Page 35 and 36: D11 Inquiry Activity Shadows and Ra
Page 37 and 38: Investigating 410 UNIT D Light and
Page 39 and 40: 10 CHAPTER REVIEW ACHIEVEMENT CHART
Page 41: 11 Ray diagrams model the behaviour
Page 45 and 46: During Reading Diagrams Require Spe
Page 47 and 48: Suggested Activity • D16 Problem-
Page 49 and 50: 422 object ray 1 ray 2 image Figure
Page 51 and 52: Practice Problems 1. A microscope p
Page 53 and 54: Figure 11.16 Parallel light rays ap
Page 55 and 56: D13 Quick Lab Plane Mirror Reflecti
Page 57 and 58: DI Key Activity D15 Inquiry Activit
Page 59 and 60: D16 Problem-Solving Activity Laser
Page 63 and 64: Figure 11.30 The spoon appears to b
Page 65 and 66: Practice Problems 1. The speed of l
Page 67 and 68: Figure 11.36 This diamond is colour
Page 69 and 70: Suggested Activity • D19 Inquiry
Page 71 and 72: D18 Inquiry Activity Refraction Mea
Page 73 and 74: D20 Design a Lab Transmitting Light
Page 75 and 76: 11.3 Lenses Here is a summary of wh
Page 77 and 78: WORDS MATTER The word “lens” is
Page 79 and 80: object ray 2 F ray 1 image Figure 1
Page 81 and 82: Suggested Activity • D25 Inquiry
Page 83 and 84: Practice Problems 1. A convex lens
Page 85 and 86: D23 Skill Builder Activity Drawing
Page 87 and 88: D25 Inquiry Activity Convex Lens Im
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2 Optical devices help us see farth
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12.1 Here is a summary of what you
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WORDS MATTER “Pupil” is derived
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Suggested Activity • D28 Inquiry
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(a) near-sightedness (b) near-sight
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(a) (b) Figure 12.17 (a) Loss of th
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D28 Inquiry Activity Sheep Eye Diss
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DI Key Activity CASE STUDY D29 STSE
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12.2 Here is a summary of what you
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Figure 12.24 This portable imaging
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Suggested STSE Activity • D34 Dec
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During Writing Evaluating Informati
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WORDS MATTER The word “laser” i
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Figure 12.39 Long rows of solar cel
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D33 STSE Decision-Making Analysis S
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12.2 CHECK and REFLECT Key Concept
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12 CHAPTER REVIEW ACHIEVEMENT CHART
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D UNIT • Electromagnetic spectrum
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D UNIT Task How Much Light Is Too M
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D UNIT Review Key Terms Review 1. C
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D UNIT Review (continued) 35. (a) D
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D UNIT Review (continued) 62. Descr
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