tHe War on MariJUana in BlacK anD WHite

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ii. State Data .........................................................39 iii. County Data .......................................................43 B. Significant Racial disparities Exist in Marijuana Possession Arrests Across the Country ...........................................................47 i. National Data .......................................................47 ii. State Data .........................................................48 iii. County Data .......................................................56 C. Blacks and Whites Use Marijuana at Similar Rates ........................66 V. FISCAl CoST AnAlYSIS ...................................................68 A. Estimates ............................................................68 i. High Estimate .......................................................68 ii. Low Estimate .......................................................71 iii. Middle Estimate ....................................................75 B. Analysis ..............................................................78 PRoFIlE: nICk SMITh .......................................................80 PRoFIlE: MARISA gARCÍA ...................................................82 VI. ThE RISE In MARIjUAnA PoSSESSIon ARRESTS: WhAT CAUSEd ThE EXPloSIon? 85 A. The <strong>War</strong> on drugs and the Shift from Rehabilitation to Punishment .........85 B. Broken Windows’ Broken Model ........................................91 C. The Incentives Behind Making Marijuana Arrests .........................98 i. COMPSTAT Performance Measures: Targeting Communities, Rewarding Arrests .................................................. 98 ii. The Inclusion of Marijuana Possession Arrests as a Performance Measure for Federal Funding ............................................. ..100 PRoFIlE: SAM CoURT ..................................................... 105 PRoFIlE: RodERICk BATTlE ................................................108 2 | The <strong>War</strong> on Marijuana in Black and White
VII. RECoMMEndATIonS ....................................................110 A. Marijuana Policy ......................................................110 i. Legalize Marijuana Use and Possession ...............................110 ii. Depenalize Marijuana Use and Possession ............................112 iii. Decriminalize Marijuana Use and Possession .........................113 B. Policing ..............................................................115 i. Police Departments Should Make Marijuana Possession Arrests a Lowest Enforcement Priority ................................................ 115 ii. Police Departments Should End Racial Profiling ........................116 iii. Police Procedures Must Be Fair and Constitutional .....................118 iv. Police Should Adopt, Whether Voluntarily or as Required by State Law, Model Consent Search Policies ......................................118 v. Police Departments and the Federal Government Should Eliminate Policies That Incentivize Arrests for Minor Offenses ............................119 a. Police Departments Should Cease Using Raw Numbers of Stops, Citations, Summons, and Arrests as a Metric to Measure Their Productivity and Effectiveness in Serving Communities and Addressing Crime . ..........................................119 b. The Federal Government Should Not Include Marijuana Possession Arrests in its Performance Measures for Byrne Justice Assistance Grants .....................................................120 vi. Police Should Increase Data Collection and Transparency Regarding Stop, Frisk, Search, and Arrest Practices ....................121 vii. External Oversight Agencies Should Conduct Regular Audits and Reviews of Police Departments and Practices .................................122 VIII. ConClUSIon ..........................................................123 APPEndIX A ...............................................................124 APPEndIX B ...............................................................133 | 3
Page 1 and 2: June 2013 tHe <str
Page 3: TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 7 and 8: has been a fiscal fiasco. The taxpa
Page 9 and 10: I. InTRodUCTIon Over the past 40 ye
Page 11 and 12: combined — or one every 37 second
Page 13 and 14: use been treated as a public health
Page 15 and 16: prevention, as well as general fund
Page 17 and 18: arrests account for less than 80% o
Page 19 and 20: FIndIng #2 Extreme Racial dispariti
Page 21 and 22: • Of marijuana possession arrests
Page 23 and 24: • Racial disparities in marijuana
Page 25 and 26: correctional facilities for possess
Page 27 and 28: much public transportation, so not
Page 29 and 30: PROFILE Alfredo Carrasquillo, 29 Ne
Page 31 and 32: III. METhodologY This report relies
Page 33 and 34: The NSDUH survey is the primary sou
Page 35 and 36: a portion, if not a significant num
Page 37 and 38: to be equal to one. If the coverage
Page 39 and 40: FIGURE2 NumberofArrestsforMarijuana
Page 41 and 42: ii. State data There were 784,021 a
Page 43 and 44: The national marijuana possession a
Page 45 and 46: iii. County data Cook County, IL (i
Page 47 and 48: The counties with the largest incre
Page 49 and 50: B. Significant Racial disparities E
Page 51 and 52: TABLE 6 States with Largest Racial
Page 53 and 54: This startling statistic is illustr
Page 55 and 56:
The states that made the highest nu
Page 57 and 58:
Indeed, examining the state-by-stat
Page 59 and 60:
Figure 14 shows the counties with t
Page 61 and 62:
As Table 10 shows, significant arre
Page 63 and 64:
FIGURE17 LargestRacialDisparitiesin
Page 65 and 66:
In the 15 counties with the highest
Page 67 and 68:
Turning to the 15 counties with the
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FIGURE22 MarijuanaUseAmong18-to25-Y
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expenditures, where these expenditu
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particular, using a modified propor
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of both defense and prosecution, as
Page 77 and 78:
The Low Estimate represents, in our
Page 79 and 80:
TABLE 13 Annual Fiscal Cost of Mari
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or Illinois, because the District o
Page 83 and 84:
All told, Mr. Smith has spent almos
Page 85 and 86:
Ms. Garcia feels that because she d
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VI. ThE RISE In MARIjUAnA PoSSESSIo
Page 89 and 90:
The 1970 Act also established the N
Page 91 and 92:
someone convicted of possessing wit
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the criminal justice system and ins
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number of street stops, frisks, and
Page 97 and 98:
particularly pronounced, over the p
Page 99 and 100:
There are other policing models —
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than the longer, intensive investig
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(JAG) program. Established in 1988,
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[The commander] ... regularly exhor
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PROFILE SAM Court A Pilot Marijuana
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You’re also given a second subpoe
Page 111 and 112:
to come up with the $300 bail. With
Page 113 and 114:
The legalization of marijuana will
Page 115 and 116:
y removing all criminal and civil p
Page 117 and 118:
Third, individuals who are unable t
Page 119 and 120:
Racial profiling can lead to the ag
Page 121 and 122:
if the person subject to the search
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vi. Police Should Increase data Col
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VIII. ConClUSIon Like America’s l
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FIGUREA3 Black/WhiteDisparityin25Hi
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TABLE A2 Percentage of All Marijuan
Page 131 and 132:
TABLE A4 Percent Change in Marijuan
Page 133 and 134:
TABLE A6 Percent Change in Racial D
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Appendix B Analysis by State Append
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Alaska Racial disparities in Mariju
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Arkansas Racial disparities in Mari
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Colorado Racial disparities in Mari
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delaware Racial disparities in Mari
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Florida Racial disparities in Marij
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Hawaii Racial disparities in Mariju
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illinois Racial disparities in Mari
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iowa Racial disparities in Marijuan
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Kentucky Racial disparities in Mari
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Maine Racial disparities in Marijua
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Massachusetts Blacks Racial dispari
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Minnesota Racial disparities in Mar
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Missouri Racial disparities in Mari
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nebraska Racial disparities in Mari
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new Hampshire Blacks Racial dispari
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new Mexico Racial disparities in Ma
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north Carolina Racial disparities i
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Ohio Racial disparities in Marijuan
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Oregon Racial disparities in Mariju
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Rhode island Racial disparities in
Page 177 and 178:
South dakota Racial disparities in
Page 179 and 180:
Texas Racial disparities in Marijua
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Vermont Racial disparities in Marij
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Washington Racial disparities in Ma
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Wisconsin Racial disparities in Mar
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THE WAR ON MARIJUANA IN BLACK AND W
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