the ideology of lexical choices in the turkish translations of oliver twist

INTRODUCTION
Since the early 1990s, Translation Studies has been influenced by the
discipline of Cultural Studies. Susan Bassnett and André Lefevere are the two
translation scholars who first mentioned the so-called ‘cultural turn’ in Translation
Studies. In their introduction to the collection of essays Translation, History and
Culture, they emphasized that “translation has been a major shaping force in the
development of world culture” (1990; 12). The scholars of contemporary Translation
Studies – like Bassnett and Lefevere – are no longer interested in the linguistic
theories of translation. Rather, as Christina Schäffner states in her article entitled
“Political Discourse Analysis from the Point of View of Translation Studies,” they
concentrate on “social, cultural and communicative practices, on the cultural and
ideological significance of translating and of translations, on the external politics of
translation, on the relationship between translation behavior and socio-cultural
factors” (2004; 136). That is to say, they have begun to recognize the “complexity of
the phenomenon of translation”, and focus on “social causation and human agency”
and the “effects rather than the internal structures” (ibid.). Bassnett explains the
‘cultural turn’ in the article “The Translation Turn in Cultural Studies” (Bassnett &
Lefevere (eds.), 1998; 123) as:
a way of understanding how complex manipulative textual processes take place: how
a text is selected for translation, for example, what role the translator plays in that
selection, what role an editor, a publisher or patron plays, what criteria determine the
strategies that will be employed by the translator, how a text might be received in the
target system. For a translation always takes place in a continuum, never in a void,
and there are all kinds of textual and extratextual constraints upon the translator.
One of the newly addressed issues in Translation Studies is the relationship
between discourse and ideology, two concepts related with culture. In
Communication Across Cultures-Translation Theory and Contrastive Text
Linguistics, Basil Hatim refers to the notion of discourse as “the attitudinally
determined mode of expression,” and he points out that it is “particularly privileged
as a carrier of ideological meanings” (2000; 174). Indeed, ideology appears to be one
of the crucial features of discursive expression, and the analyses of ideological
structures have proved useful in providing insights into the study of language and
discourse. In Teaching and Researching Translation, Hatim touches upon some
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