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Rezumat Proverbul este, înainte de orice, un fapt de limbă. Apariţia textului-proverb este legată de existenţa unor „tipare proverbiale”, ceea ce permite extinderea folosirii lor din limbajul popular familiar, în limbajul jurnalistic, în sloganurile publicitare şi în opera anumitor scriitori. În virtutea acestor aspecte se poate vorbi de un stil proverbial „închis”, dar cu un corpus „deschis”, pe care articolul de faţă îl ilustrează. 8
Annals of the “Dunărea de Jos” University of GALAŢI Fascicle XIII. New Series. Issue 25, XIII (XXIV), 2006 pp. 9 - 13 K. ISHIGURO’S THE REMAINS OF THE DAY: FOREGROUNDING AND OPENNESS OF MEANING Introduction: On figure and ground Ruxanda Bontilă 9 Language and Literature It is common knowledge that the notion of figure and ground is a central concept in cognitive linguistics, which also means that it has been used to develop a detailed grammatical framework for close analysis, as well as very abstract ideas across whole discourses (see van Peer, 1993; also Short, 1996; also Stockwell, 2002 and 2003). It is also acknowledged that the phenomenon of figure and ground relates to the literary critical notion of foregrounding. The latter refers to how we perceive certain aspects of literary texts as being conspicuously more important or salient than others. This is being achieved at textual level by such devices as repetition, unusual naming, innovative descriptions, creative syntactic ordering, puns, rhyme, the use of creative metaphor, and so on. These devices are meant as attention attractors to some element, foregrounding it against the relief of the rest of the features of the text. The principles of prominence and newness work towards focusing attention on a particular feature/ character/ setting, within the textual space. According to Stockwell, there is a dynamic relationship between the processes of figuring and grounding, as elements of the text are thrown into relief in the course of reading or actualising the text. By a constant renewal of the figure and ground relationship, the text works against the inhibition of return, i.e. the loss of attention to static or unchanging elements (2002: 14-19). Still, we also think that any description of a text is one’s personal option of choosing out of a multitude of details and textual interrelationships those that have been placed in the foreground of the text itself. We consider that a text can be unlocked with the key offered by the interplay of emphases amongst its parts and partial elements. This can become a guarantee of one successful decoding from the part of the reader that will make him go on reading the text. That is why our argument is meant to prove that the constant interplay at any given moment between openness of meaning and strategies of foregrounding represents a vital aspect of textuality. Much debate has been given to the theory of foregrounding since its conceptualisation by the Russian Formalists and Prague Structuralists. Subsequently, it has developed into a systematic coherent theory with immediate relevance for the literary texts by describing the linguistic mechanisms involved in concrete cases of foregrounding. Willie van Peer focuses in his study on foregrounding, upon the central characteristic of this notion, namely “the characteristics, typically encountered in literary texts of deviating from rules and habits, while at the same time displaying unusual regularity through partial repetition” (1993: 50), that is both deviance and parallelism. The former device refers to “deviation” as introduced in a text through neologisms, archaisms, metaphors, paradox, and hyperbaton – functioning as a disruption to the linguistic expectations we approach a text with. The latter device refers to “parallelism” such as syntactic symmetry, doublets, ellipsis, and semantic contrast – functioning as
Page 1 and 2: Annals of the “Dunărea de Jos”
Page 3 and 4: Iată vorbele Smărăndiţei, în v
Page 7: - Proverbul cuprinde în formularea
Page 11 and 12: The existence of two subjects, whic
Page 13 and 14: Abstract In what concerns the liter
Page 15 and 16: Sprache einnimmt und, dass sie ande
Page 17 and 18: CD, DE. That is, each item has at l
Page 19 and 20: III. Humor und Kategorienfehler In
Page 21 and 22: Wolke zugeschriebenen Eigenschaften
Page 25 and 26: ecome more actively engaged. The op
Page 27 and 28: The potential of CLIL for successfu
Page 29 and 30: A CLIL approach is not unlike the h
Page 33 and 34: Naţională! Fii in galben!”. Cel
Page 35 and 36: preţurilor avantajoase. Cealaltă,
Page 37 and 38: aer; forţa deflagrantă a Răscoal
Page 39 and 40: ales, de program literar antirural.
Page 41 and 42: REFERINŢE: Popa, V. I. (1969). Tak
Page 43 and 44: not only the opposite but also that
Page 45 and 46: ecause any organizational pattern -
Page 47 and 48: în istoricitate” se transformă
Page 49 and 50: „Timpul - şi el rotitor - se re
Page 51 and 52: solstiţiu ale istoriei - acestea s
Page 55 and 56: association of each pattern with
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provoked a storm of [criticism] fro
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[7] The bidirectional ordering of g
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Annals of the “Dunărea de Jos”
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(Act II. Scene 1). A coda set twent
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the Italians may unexpectedly be co
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Buckley, Anthony (1991) Uses of His
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În literatură posibilităţile se
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Funcţia fatică întâlneşte func
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continuau încă să fie în relaţ
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article tries to identify the way
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As to woman, woman in mythology is
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the casualness of a juggler tossing
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Possibly, the funniest, certainly t
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perceived from without, precisely a
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Plath, S. (1973), Ariel in Barbara,
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P.Boyancé contestă această inter
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vom pune pe scurt în discuţie pri
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nomina, communia verba, cum le nume
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Le contact et l’interférence lin
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this rendering correspond to or giv
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Mimesis[4] or diegesis[5] It is tru
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underlining the fact that he has no
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Abstract Most postmodernist novels
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figures, is undoubtedly the core th
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The great number of verbs in the ex
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sincere, but a eulogy may be. Ultim
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tendency to give appreciation to th
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[4] Habermas, J. (1979). “Univers
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epérer les défauts de cohérence
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Dans cet exemple il n’est pas du
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Contributors Fascicle XIII. Languag
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