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Prof. Demetrio Neri, Prof. Andrea Nicolussi, Prof. Laura Palazzani, Prof. Alberto Piazza, Prof. Giancarlo Umani Ronchi and by Doctor Riccardo Di Segni). In the plenary meeting of the 23 rd of April 2010, the document obtained the consent of Prof. Salvatore Amato, Prof. Luisella Battaglia, Prof. Adriano Bompiani, Prof. Stefano Canestrari, Prof. Antonio Da Re, Prof. Lorenzo d’Avack, Prof. Emma Fattorini, Prof. Silvio Garattini, Prof. Marianna Gensabella, Prof. Claudia Mancina, Prof. Assunta Morresi, Prof. Demetrio Neri, Prof. Laura Palazzani, Prof. Vittorio Possenti, Prof. Rodolfo Proietti, Prof. Monica Toraldo di Francia, Prof. Giancarlo Umani Ronchi, Prof. Grazia Zuffa and of Doctor Riccardo Di Segni. A vote against was expressed by Prof. Francesco D’Agostino, Prof. Maria Luisa Di Pietro and Prof. Lucetta Scaraffia. Prof. Isidori, Prof. Luca Marini and Doctor Laura Guidoni abstained. Prof. Bruno Dallapiccola, Prof. Carlo Flamigni, Prof. Romano Forleo, Prof. Andrea Nicolussi and Prof. Alberto Piazza, absent at the time of voting or at the meeting, have communicated their agreement to the document. To better clarify the reasons of their vote against, Prof. Roberto Colombo, Prof. Francesco D’Agostino and Prof. Maria Luisa Di Pietro have already sent their personal remarks. Prof. Lucetta Scaraffia agreed with Prof. D’Agostino’s personal remark. Prof. Adriano Bompiani, despite agreeing with the document, expresses some additional consideration in a personal remark. The personal remarks are published with the opinion. The <strong>President</strong> Prof. Francesco Paolo Casavola 125
KIDNEY DONATION FROM A LIVING DONOR TO A STRANGER (SO- CALLED SAMARITAN DONATION) 1. The news circulated in the newspapers of three people prepared to donate their kidney to medical establishments and for the benefit of strangers (so-called Samaritan donors 167 ), and the consequent discussion started in the newspapers, attracted the attention of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, which asked our Committee to express an opinion with regards to criticality of this new situation 168 , eventually updating a previous opinion by the NBC, The bioethical problem of the kidney transplant from a non-blood related living donor (1997), where kidney donation from a living donor was subordinated to the clause that donor and recipient are emotionally related. The specificity of the problem is in the fact that in this case donor and recipient are not blood related or “emotionally related”, they do not know each other and the gratuitous organ donation is carried out through Organ Transplant Centres, University Institutes, Hospitals believed to be suitable according to the conditions set by law. Donors and recipients in this case are “total strangers”, not only physically (genetically or with regards to consanguinity), but also psychologically (in the absence of an emotional relation or of an acquaintance) without any form of “return” or “compensation” (even indirect). From this stems the difference with other forms of donation from a living donor and the reason why the issue raised interest in bioethical reflection, given the needs and the interests worthy of protection that are involved in it. On the one hand, finding organs is a crucial element of the transplant process, especially because the number of organs available is much smaller than the number of patients on the waiting list; on the other hand, as well as the medical problems of the surgery, the main bioethical problems involve the issue of the living donor’s physical integrity, of informed consent, of the spontaneity and gratuity of the act and of the proportion risks/benefits in the relationship with the recipient. 2. The legislation about kidney transplants from a living donor (Law No. 458, 26 th of June 1967) was created as an explicit exemption to Article 5 of the Italian Civil Code currently in force, which forbids any act disposing of our own body, if from it can derive a permanent biological damage. And in fact Article 1 of the Law in question states this: “Notwithstanding the prohibition in Article 5 of the Civil Code, it is acceptable, without compensation, to offer a kidney for transplant purposes between living individuals. The exemption is allowed to parents, sons/daughters, adult twin or non-twin brothers/sisters of the patient, provided that the current law is respected. Only in the case the patient does not have the 167 Definition generally used also in international documents; alternatively we find expression like non-directive donation and donation by altruistic strangers. This form of donation is legitimate in many countries, amongst which: Great Britain, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Israel, North America, Canada, Japan and Korea. 168 The request of an opinion by the Presidency of the Council of Ministers is reported in Appendix. 126
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PRESIDENT Prof. Francesco Paolo Cas
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Prof. Alberto Piazza Full Professor
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PRESENTATION The National Bioethics
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a _________________________ DEMONST
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confidence intervals. At times the
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functioning of ethical Committees,
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Introduction The National Bioethics
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Document 1. Interspecies living bei
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denucleated cytoplasm of animal spe
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weeks old, into sheep foetuses. A f
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transferring the nucleus, inserting
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Some NBC members 35 observe that th
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3.1 The state of the art Only one s
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I. The ethical value of the experim
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intentionally produced for experime
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Constitution that, like the German
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of identifying the biochemical dete
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) any other process that starts the
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As for the letter b), we observe th
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Other NBC members 73 instead have r
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present a differentiated panorama.
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Biomedicine, issued in Oviedo on th
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with regards to its practical appli
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PERSONAL REMARKS Supplementary pers
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Only one published scientific paper
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Why? Perhaps you have information w
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intervention on the object, but is
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INTRODUCTION The opinion analyses m
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animals used for experimental or ot
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alternative based on the 3Rs model
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appropriate application of the 3Rs
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Committees (named in a variety of w
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elaborating the data received highl
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Synthesis and recommendations In li
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Howard B., Hudson M., Preziosi R.,
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Appendix The working Group sent a q
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FACULTY CITY answer question 1 Facu
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Page 78 and 79: Faculty of veterinary medicine 3502
Page 80 and 81: Effectively, this document could ha
Page 82 and 83: PRESENTATION…………………
Page 84 and 85: 25 th February 2010 in unanimity of
Page 86 and 87: Multiple factors contribute to sexu
Page 88 and 89: complement XY a female phenotype, w
Page 90 and 91: labia. Menarche does not occur, the
Page 92 and 93: made to subjective perception 116 .
Page 94 and 95: e re-masculinized) has highlighted
Page 96 and 97: this sense the guidelines focusing
Page 98 and 99: even if the boy or girl is at the s
Page 100 and 101: male or female, with great attentio
Page 102 and 103: necessary psychological support - t
Page 104 and 105: Introduction The Opinion tackles th
Page 106 and 107: 1. Outline of sport ethics 1.1 The
Page 108 and 109: values inherent to fair play agains
Page 110 and 111: development of sport, even when not
Page 112 and 113: Doping is refusing, or failing with
Page 114 and 115: Much more dramatic the size of the
Page 116 and 117: in which we must put the phenomenon
Page 118 and 119: started to turn to in order to achi
Page 120 and 121: would therefore be better to libera
Page 122 and 123: towards the use of doping substance
Page 124 and 125: Presidenza del Consiglio dei Minist
Page 128 and 129: lood relatives mentioned in the pre
Page 130 and 131: is not forbidden and it is not expl
Page 132 and 133: groups, recall common principles, s
Page 134 and 135: Bibliography As well as the bibliog
Page 136 and 137: PERSONAL REMARKS Personal remark si
Page 138 and 139: would not betray the principle of
Page 140 and 141: undergo a social positive verificat
Page 142 and 143: from the potential recipient, there
Page 144 and 145: The Undersecretary of State To the
Page 146 and 147: INTRODUCTION The document tackles t
Page 148 and 149: exclusively by the pharmaceutical i
Page 150 and 151: possible advantages would affect th
Page 152 and 153: Bibliography 1. European Commission
Page 154 and 155: INTRODUCTION The opinion Criteria f
Page 156 and 157: CRITERIA FOR ASCERTAINING DEATH 1.
Page 158 and 159: more in depth scientific and ethica
Page 160 and 161: standards”. Therefore, the Commis
Page 162 and 163: system and the gaseous exchange in
Page 164 and 165: individual’s death. The Author be
Page 166 and 167: - giving greater importance to thos
Page 168 and 169: of death, seen as life does not res
Page 170 and 171: “disintegration” of the organis
Page 172 and 173: living, cease. The condition of lif
Page 174 and 175: endocranial blood flow in both the
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cardiac arrest follows their brain
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United Kindgom, the “non-heart-be
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cardiac arrests, due to causes that
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- believes that - in the current st
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= Whole brain death: state of total
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document by the NTC, signed by two
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Presidenza del Consiglio dei Minist
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Lorenzo d’Avack, Riccardo Di Segn
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treatment, even in the awareness th
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person to a simple means, ‘morti
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attention was paid to suicide, almo
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in the worst conditions in that con
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the act is presented to others, in
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the relationship between adverse fa
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security measures, with a reduction
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Lastly, useful initiatives set up i
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is recommended according to the gui
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Declaration of the National Bioethi
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INTRODUCTION The document tackles s
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PREMISE From 2007, which was declar
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y the abovementioned authors, which
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various situations we perceive or t
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appearance, the signs of aging, whi
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problems of the female population a
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free time is very low; this is due
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The increase in life expectancy has
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prevention”, as a strategic perio
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policies that are specifically aime
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1. “ensuring continuity of care t
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BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ACOG, Cl
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Sen A., Development as freedom,1999
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ATTACHMENT I The incidence of patho
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age, is instead a serious psychiatr
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cholesterol (the most harmful) incr
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that concerning tumours in general,
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There are many projects of a preven
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ATTACHMENT III Some statistical dat
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Table 3 - Women of 65 years and ove
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Table 5 - Recourse to healthcare se
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Table 7 - Sport practices of the po
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Table 9 - Disable people who are 65
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Table 11 - Net individual income fr
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Table 13 - Hope of life for those w
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PRESENTATION The document examines
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Bioethics and education in schools
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In particular the Universal Declara
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- social: the promotion of social d
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In December 2007, the International
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education in bioethics, the open qu
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system in a fairly structured way t
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namely, the need to find innovative
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In fact, the two theses do not excl
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the thesis developed by Hans Jonas
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The resumption of cooperation betwe
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stimulus 372 , as it shows, despite
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faculties 375 and humanities facult
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The training of teachers is a probl
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considered on a par with philosophi
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importance to the rational aspect o
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point and point of synthesis for sc
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Presidenza del Consiglio dei Minist
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DOCUMENT Placebo (from the Latin
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was not admissible when for example
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Bibliography 1. WORLD MEDICAL ASSOC
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23. COMMITTEE FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCT
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PRESENTATION The document addresses
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access to restricted areas and effi
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subject does not have to deposit th
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possibility of wrongly denied acces
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corrected. Compliance with these ru
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safeguards and control by means of
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3.2.3 Voluntary permanent changes T
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the most delicate aspects is also r
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conservation and organization of tr
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In the light of possible inappropri
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PRESENTATION The advancement of neu
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neurosurgical operations and the an
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causes, i.e. causes of various kind
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as the obvious fears of abandonment
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and the issues raised by the new de
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