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3.1 The state of the art Only one scientific publication states that the production of cybrids through SCNT can be done. An experiment of this type was published in 2003 by the journal Cell Research 46 , but no-one yet has been able to reproduce these results, including the authors of the first publication, so that a series of doubts about the scientific validity of the first experiment have emerged. On the other hand, different experts in the sector explain that the development of these organisms is destined to stop too early 47 . The causes seem to depend on the role of the egg cell in embryonic development, in particular, with regards to the maternal-zygotic transition, that is, the transition of the program of development from the oocyte to the zygote 48 and to the role of mitochondria 49 . One of the main aims, for the researchers interested in the SCNT problem and in the formation of cybrids, is the study of mitochondrial illnesses, a soughtfor sector of the research that investigates in particular the possibility of substituting mitochondria in oocytes of women affected by these illnesses. With this purpose, the technique of the “cytoplasmic transferral” (“mitochondria donation”) from an egg cell to another has been developed. The cycles of in vitro fertilisation that used egg cells in which the mitochondria transferral had taken place, have also created foetuses and new-borns who presented development pathologies and genetic anomalies: this research has been suspended in the USA since July 2001, on FDA request 50 . 46 The foreskin cells of two five year old children, the skin of a 60 year old woman and of two men were fused with rabbit oocytes. Of the 400 embryos created, about 100 arrived to the blastocyst stage, that is, they could give embryonic stem cells, from which cellular lines could be originated, ref. [12]. 47 Robert Lanza (in Andy Coghlan, Human-animal “cybrids” may not be possible, “New Sci.”, 2007, 2621) of the Advanced Cell Technology, declared that his team worked for a long time to obtain this type of embryos, but without success: arrived at the stage of 16 cells, the one immediately before the blastocyst, the development has always stopped, probably, according to Lanza, for the incompatibility of the genetic inheritance of different species, which would stop “talking to each other”. But also C.A. Redi, Scientific Director of the IRCSS Foundation at the Policlinico San Matteo in Pavia, explains “cellular replication is regulated by species-specific enzymes: having joined two different species, the enzymes are different, with the consequence that the reaction after a few days is destined to physiologically stop, for the impossibility of “communicating” “[…] Having been joined, the cytoplasm and the nucleus of two different species and types, this process is destined to stop very soon” (“Repubblica e salute”, 5.6.2008). 48 R.M. Schultz, The molecular foundations of the maternal to zygotic transition in the preimplantation embryo “Human Reprod. Update”, 2002, 8, pp. 323-331 and cited references; M. Zurita et al. From the beginning: the basal transcription machinery and onset of transcription in the early animal embryo, “Cell. Mol. Life Sci.”, 2008, 65, pp. 212-227 and cited references. 49 R. Dumollard et al., The role of mitochondrial function in the oocyte and embryo, “Curr. Topics in Develop. Biol.”, 2007, 77, pp. 21-49, and rif. cit.; P. May-Panloup et al., Mitochondrial DNA in the oocyte and the developing embryo “Curr. Topics in Develop. Biol.”, 2007, 77, pp. 51-83, and cited references.; E. A. Shoubridge et al., Mitochondrial DNA and the mammalian oocyte, “Curr. Topics in Develop. Biol.”, 2007, 77, pp. 87-111and cited references. 50 “One centre in the USA has performed 33 IVF cycles involving CT since 1996 resulting in the birth of 16 babies. Another fetus was electively reduced (the twin delivered normally later) due to an anomaly of the sex chromosomes called Turner’s Syndrome. One early spontaneous miscarriage also occurred and the foetus was diagnosed with the same syndrome. The children born after IVF with cytoplasmic transfer have been evaluated and one 18-month-old child was recently diagnosed with a pervasive development disorder. Two babies have been born in whom mitochondria were derived from the mother as well as from the donor. This research has been suspended in the USA since early July 2001, pending clarification of new requirements 25
The document “Interspecies embryos” of the English Medical Academy, which is in favour of the creation of this type of hybrid embryos, states: “in the context of cytoplasmic hybrid embryos, mitochondria and cytoplasm represent potential retrovirus sources within the animal oocyte. […] The nuclear genome of cows and rabbits contains the endogen retroviral genome. It is therefore possible that the cytoplasm of rabbit or bovine oocytes can contain transcripts (of RNA) or express endogen retrovirus codified by their nuclear genome. These viruses could reintegrate in the transferred human nucleus. This occurrence must be considered highly improbable but not impossible”. The same document suggests the preventive assessment of the existence of “expression profiles of endogen retroviruses” (that is, the expression of any retrovirus) before using the oocytes, and it stresses that, for the same reasons, stem cell lines so produced could not in any case be used for clinical treatments. The English Medical Academy also stated that in standard conditions of safety there would be no problem 51 . Different hearings – written and oral – given by the Science and Technology Committee 52 highlighted the same problem, so that the potential use of these cells for in vitro studies emerged, but not for in vivo experimentation. Some NBC members 53 stress that the eventual clinical application of stem cells derived from hybrids (as with any other type of stem cell) on human beings, will have to undergo the provisions contained in the recent “Regulation (EC) Number 1394/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council on Advanced therapy medicinal product”. Looking out for problems regarding biosecurity involves, therefore, the eventual clinical application of the products, which will not be allowed until the procedures to obtain these products (and the products themselves) are not shown to be free from risks to human health. According to the same NBC members, all this has nothing to do with the experiments as long as they are confined to the laboratory or are used as an instrument to investigate specific biological issues. Bioethical evaluations NBC members 54 started from two different types of ethical considerations: I. some concern the evaluation of scientific research and of the reasons given to defend its practicability; II. others refer, instead, to the issue of the identity of man and of the human species. suggested by the federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA).” (Hfea, Scientific and Clinic Advanced Group, Mitochondria and Development, 16.7.2005). 51 Inter Species Embryos, A report by Academy of Medical Science, June 2007, in http://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/p47prid51.html 52 Science and Technology Committee, UK Parliament, Fifth Report of session 2006/07; Government proposal for the regulation of hybrid and chimera embryos, 5.4.2007, in http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_committees/science_and_technology_committee/scien ce_and_technology_committee_reports_and_publications.cfm 53 C. Flamigni, S. Garattini, D. Neri, A. Piazza, M. Toraldo di Francia, G. Zuffa. 54 S. Amato, A. Bompiani, R. Colombo, A. Da Re, F. D’Agostino, B. Dallapiccola, M.L. Di Pietro, M. Gensabella, A. Isidori, A. Morresi, L.Palazzani, V.Possenti, L.Proietti, L.Scaraffia; A.Nicolussi adheres to the ethical reasons sub II, 1,2,3. 26
Page 2 and 3: PRESIDENT Prof. Francesco Paolo Cas
Page 4 and 5: Prof. Alberto Piazza Full Professor
Page 6 and 7: PRESENTATION The National Bioethics
Page 8 and 9: a _________________________ DEMONST
Page 10 and 11: confidence intervals. At times the
Page 12 and 13: functioning of ethical Committees,
Page 14 and 15: Introduction The National Bioethics
Page 16 and 17: Document 1. Interspecies living bei
Page 18 and 19: denucleated cytoplasm of animal spe
Page 20 and 21: weeks old, into sheep foetuses. A f
Page 22 and 23: transferring the nucleus, inserting
Page 24 and 25: Some NBC members 35 observe that th
Page 28 and 29: I. The ethical value of the experim
Page 30 and 31: intentionally produced for experime
Page 32 and 33: Constitution that, like the German
Page 34 and 35: of identifying the biochemical dete
Page 36 and 37: ) any other process that starts the
Page 38 and 39: As for the letter b), we observe th
Page 40 and 41: Other NBC members 73 instead have r
Page 42 and 43: present a differentiated panorama.
Page 44 and 45: Biomedicine, issued in Oviedo on th
Page 46 and 47: with regards to its practical appli
Page 48 and 49: PERSONAL REMARKS Supplementary pers
Page 50 and 51: Only one published scientific paper
Page 52 and 53: Why? Perhaps you have information w
Page 54 and 55: intervention on the object, but is
Page 56 and 57: INTRODUCTION The opinion analyses m
Page 58 and 59: animals used for experimental or ot
Page 60 and 61: alternative based on the 3Rs model
Page 62 and 63: appropriate application of the 3Rs
Page 64 and 65: Committees (named in a variety of w
Page 66 and 67: elaborating the data received highl
Page 68 and 69: Synthesis and recommendations In li
Page 70 and 71: Howard B., Hudson M., Preziosi R.,
Page 72 and 73: Appendix The working Group sent a q
Page 74 and 75: FACULTY CITY answer question 1 Facu
Page 76 and 77:
natural sciences rarely Faculty of
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Faculty of veterinary medicine 3502
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Effectively, this document could ha
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PRESENTATION…………………
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25 th February 2010 in unanimity of
Page 86 and 87:
Multiple factors contribute to sexu
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complement XY a female phenotype, w
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labia. Menarche does not occur, the
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made to subjective perception 116 .
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e re-masculinized) has highlighted
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this sense the guidelines focusing
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even if the boy or girl is at the s
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male or female, with great attentio
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necessary psychological support - t
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Introduction The Opinion tackles th
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1. Outline of sport ethics 1.1 The
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values inherent to fair play agains
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development of sport, even when not
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Doping is refusing, or failing with
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Much more dramatic the size of the
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in which we must put the phenomenon
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started to turn to in order to achi
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would therefore be better to libera
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towards the use of doping substance
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Presidenza del Consiglio dei Minist
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Prof. Demetrio Neri, Prof. Andrea N
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lood relatives mentioned in the pre
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is not forbidden and it is not expl
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groups, recall common principles, s
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Bibliography As well as the bibliog
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PERSONAL REMARKS Personal remark si
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would not betray the principle of
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undergo a social positive verificat
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from the potential recipient, there
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The Undersecretary of State To the
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INTRODUCTION The document tackles t
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exclusively by the pharmaceutical i
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possible advantages would affect th
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Bibliography 1. European Commission
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INTRODUCTION The opinion Criteria f
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CRITERIA FOR ASCERTAINING DEATH 1.
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more in depth scientific and ethica
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standards”. Therefore, the Commis
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system and the gaseous exchange in
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individual’s death. The Author be
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- giving greater importance to thos
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of death, seen as life does not res
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“disintegration” of the organis
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living, cease. The condition of lif
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endocranial blood flow in both the
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cardiac arrest follows their brain
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United Kindgom, the “non-heart-be
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cardiac arrests, due to causes that
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- believes that - in the current st
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= Whole brain death: state of total
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document by the NTC, signed by two
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Page 190 and 191:
Lorenzo d’Avack, Riccardo Di Segn
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treatment, even in the awareness th
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person to a simple means, ‘morti
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attention was paid to suicide, almo
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in the worst conditions in that con
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the act is presented to others, in
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the relationship between adverse fa
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security measures, with a reduction
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Lastly, useful initiatives set up i
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is recommended according to the gui
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Declaration of the National Bioethi
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INTRODUCTION The document tackles s
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PREMISE From 2007, which was declar
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y the abovementioned authors, which
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various situations we perceive or t
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appearance, the signs of aging, whi
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problems of the female population a
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free time is very low; this is due
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The increase in life expectancy has
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prevention”, as a strategic perio
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policies that are specifically aime
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1. “ensuring continuity of care t
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BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ACOG, Cl
Page 236 and 237:
Sen A., Development as freedom,1999
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ATTACHMENT I The incidence of patho
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age, is instead a serious psychiatr
Page 242 and 243:
cholesterol (the most harmful) incr
Page 244 and 245:
that concerning tumours in general,
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There are many projects of a preven
Page 248 and 249:
ATTACHMENT III Some statistical dat
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Table 3 - Women of 65 years and ove
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Table 5 - Recourse to healthcare se
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Table 7 - Sport practices of the po
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Table 9 - Disable people who are 65
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Table 11 - Net individual income fr
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Table 13 - Hope of life for those w
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PRESENTATION The document examines
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Bioethics and education in schools
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In particular the Universal Declara
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- social: the promotion of social d
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In December 2007, the International
Page 272 and 273:
education in bioethics, the open qu
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system in a fairly structured way t
Page 276 and 277:
namely, the need to find innovative
Page 278 and 279:
In fact, the two theses do not excl
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the thesis developed by Hans Jonas
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The resumption of cooperation betwe
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stimulus 372 , as it shows, despite
Page 286 and 287:
faculties 375 and humanities facult
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The training of teachers is a probl
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considered on a par with philosophi
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importance to the rational aspect o
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point and point of synthesis for sc
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
DOCUMENT Placebo (from the Latin
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was not admissible when for example
Page 302 and 303:
Bibliography 1. WORLD MEDICAL ASSOC
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23. COMMITTEE FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Page 306 and 307:
PRESENTATION The document addresses
Page 308 and 309:
access to restricted areas and effi
Page 310 and 311:
subject does not have to deposit th
Page 312 and 313:
possibility of wrongly denied acces
Page 314 and 315:
corrected. Compliance with these ru
Page 316 and 317:
safeguards and control by means of
Page 318 and 319:
3.2.3 Voluntary permanent changes T
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the most delicate aspects is also r
Page 322 and 323:
conservation and organization of tr
Page 324 and 325:
In the light of possible inappropri
Page 326 and 327:
PRESENTATION The advancement of neu
Page 328 and 329:
neurosurgical operations and the an
Page 330 and 331:
causes, i.e. causes of various kind
Page 332 and 333:
as the obvious fears of abandonment
Page 334 and 335:
and the issues raised by the new de
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President

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