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Non-deletion of penultimate vowels and reduplication in Zulu Toni Cook, University of Pennsylvania, tonicook@gmail.com Penultimate lengthening in Zulu has been well-documented since Doke (1927), and it interacts with vowel-deletion in a range of contexts including the infinitival prefix úku-. In speech, the underlined vowel in uku- deletes in all cases except when preceding monosyllabic stems; if the second syllable of the infinitival prefix occurs in the penultimate position, the /u/ is pronounced, otherwise it deletes (underlying tone marked): (1) a. úku-fúnda → úk-fú:nda ‘to study’ b. úku-sébenza → úk-sébe:nz-a ‘to work’ c. úku-fa → úku:-fa ‘to die’ * uk-fa It is clear that the non-deletion of the uku- vowel in uku-fa is related to it occupying the penultimate position in the verb. Penultimate lengthening is assumed to be a late rule in Zulu morphophonology (Khumalo 1981), so the same should be true of the related process of vowel deletion that is shown in (1a-b). Another point arguing for vowel deletion as a late rule is that it creates consonant sequences that are not licit given Zulu phonotactics; Zulu is strictly (C)VCV, and does not permit underlying forms to contain any consonant clusters, such as the [k-f] or [k-s] that are the result of the deletion rule operating on the infinitival prefix. While it seems legitimate to classify deletion of the uku- vowel as a late rule just like the related process of penultimate lengthening, data from reduplication argues otherwise. New data show that certain morphemes to the left of the stem are permitted to reduplicate, one of these being uku- (t<strong>here</strong> is evidence that the uku- consists of 2 morphemes, u- and -ku though it is descriptively convenient to refer to it as a single constituent, the infinitival prefix). The reduplicant is a disyllabic constituent (CVCV) that is prefixed to the verb stem (Doke, Downing (2009)). The RED+base complex is bracketed, a ‘+’ separates the constituents: (2) a. úku-fúnda → úku-[fúnda+funda] → úk-[fúnda+fu:nda] b. úku-fa → ú-[ku-fá+ku-fa] → ú-[ku-fá+ku:-fa] * u-[k-fa+ku:-fa] In (2b) it is important that the non-deletion of the ku- vowel in the reduplicant (the lefthand constituent) cannot be explained through reference to vowel perseveration as a correlate of penultimate lengthening. In non-reduplicated forms, the non-deletion of ku- before monosyllabic stems can be explained by taking lengthened vowels to be stressed, and consequently resistant to deletion. However, the same is not true under reduplication since the lefthand ku- does not undergo lengthening. In derivational analyses reduplication is classified as an early rule for a variety of reasons, including sensitivity to morphological structure. Ordering reduplication prior to penultimate lengthening/non-deletion, ku- is copied to the reduplicant template before the late rules targeting the penult. This means that if the vowel in ku- is only preserved because of penultimate lengthening, its non-deletion in the reduplicant is unexpected. Treating reduplication as a copying operation only, the ku- in the reduplicant is simply a phonological string lacking any morphosyntactic status, and it is unrelated to the infinitival ku- whose vowel can delete in non-reduplicative contexts. References Doke, C.M. (1927) Textbook of Zulu Grammar. London: Longman. Downing, L. (2009) “Linear Disorder in Bantu Reduplication” Workshop on the Division of Labor between Morphology & Phonology, 4 th Meeting. Amsterdam: Meertens Instituut. GS
Khumalo, J.S.M. (1981) Zulu tonology, part 1. African Studies. 40: 53-130. GS
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