A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Parmelina Hale - Smithsonian ...

A Monograph of the Lichen Genus
Parmelina Hale (Parmeliaceae)
Introduction
The genus Parmelina Hale is a segregate of Par-
melia Acharius comprising 47 species widely dis-
tributed in temperate and tropical regions. It is
recogni7ed by the narrow, adnate lobes, marginal
cilia, and absence of usnic acid in the cortex (Hale,
1974:438). Some of the species included here were
formerl) classified in the ill-defined (and invalid)
genus Zmbitca? ia (Schreber) Michaux (Hale and
Kurokawa, 1964: 130). This world level monograph
is based on the study of all available type speci-
mens, collections preserved in the major herbaria,
and personal field work. The format follows my
earlier treatments of Bulbothrtx (Hale, 1976b),
Hypotrachyna (Hale, 1975a), Pseudopawnella
(Hale, 1976a), and Rellcina (Hale, 197513).
I wish to thank curators of the following insti-
tutions who sent specimens on loan so promptl) and
often allowed extensions of loan periods: BM, BO,
BP, COLO, DUKE, F, FH, FI, G, GLAM, H, KAN,
KR, L, LD, Rl, LlICH, NSC, RlVAf, NSLV, NY,
PC, PH, REX;, S, SI, TNS, TRH, TUR, UC, UPS,
W, LVIS, WU, and ZT. Specimens in TNS were
annotated during 1964-65 while I studied in Tokyo.
The priyate herbaria of Dr. D. D. Awasthi, Dr.
Gunnar Degelius, Dr S Nakanishi, Dr. Clyde Reed,
Mason E Hale, Jr, Department of Botan), National Mu-
seum of Aatiital Histor), Smithsonian Institution, Washang-
ton, D. C. 20160.
Mason E. Hale, Jr.
I
and Dr. R. Santesson were also geneiously placed
at my disposal. The material in these various her-
baria was chemically tested and annotated between
1958 and 1975, but not all of it has been re-
examined for possible name changes in the light of
new synonymies, species concepts, or improved
chemical techniques.
Any monograph is bound to be more complete if
the author has had an opportunity to observe and
collect specimens in the field. I am especially grate-
ful to the following colleagues for assistance in
arranging excursions: blr, J. Anderson (Sarawak),
Alrs. Sheila Collenette (Sabah), Dr. S. Kurokawa
(Japan), Dr. 51. L6pez-Figueii-as (l’enezuela), Dr.
W. Meijer (Sabah), Dr. hI. Nakanishi and Dr. S.
Nakanishi (Japan), Dr. P. G. Patwardhan (India),
Dr. Stella Thrower (Hong Kong), and Dr. Flora
Uyenco (Philippines). I have also conducted field
studies in Llexico and Central America, the Lesser
Antilles, and Malaya.
The scanning-electron photographs were pre-
pared by the Smithsonian Scanning-Electron Rficro-
scope Laboratory. Photographs of the specimens
were taken by the Smithsonian Photographic Ser-
vices.
Grants in support of this ret,earch have been re-
ceived from the National Science Foundation (Sys-
tematic Biology and the U. S-Japan Cooperative
Science Program), hforden-Smi thsonian Expedition
to Dominica, National Geographic Society, and the
Smithsonian Research Foundat ion.