Stabilisation of water-in-oil emulsions to improve - eTheses ...
Stabilisation of water-in-oil emulsions to improve - eTheses ...
Stabilisation of water-in-oil emulsions to improve - eTheses ...
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Fig. 5.27. Stability (evolution) <strong>of</strong> the volume-weighted mean droplet diameter D3.3<br />
frequency distributions for 40 wt% <strong>water</strong>, 1 wt% PGPR (HLB = 1.5 ± 0.5) at 0 and<br />
127days. ................................................................................................................... 85<br />
Fig. 5.28. Pho<strong>to</strong>micrographs <strong>of</strong> 20 wt% <strong>water</strong> with 1 wt% PGPR, show<strong>in</strong>g droplets<br />
with diameter D1,0 5 μm and smaller. ....................................................................... 95<br />
Fig. 5.29. 30 wt% <strong>water</strong> with 1 wt% Span 80, show<strong>in</strong>g droplets with diameter D1,0 20<br />
μm and smaller. Droplet coalescence can also be observed for droplets around 5<br />
μm... ......................................................................................................................... 96<br />
Fig. 5.30. 40 wt% <strong>water</strong> with 1 wt% Span 80 with Tween 80, show<strong>in</strong>g droplets with a<br />
droplet diameter D1,0 spread above 10 μm and smaller than 5 μm. ......................... 96<br />
Fig. 5.31. Cryo-SEM micrograph <strong>of</strong> Basic Sample (7.1 wt% Carnauba, 15.98 wt%<br />
Microcrystall<strong>in</strong>e wax and 76.92 wt% Cas<strong>to</strong>r <strong>oil</strong>) with a pure crystall<strong>in</strong>e structure. .... 97<br />
Fig. 5.32. Cryo-SEM micrograph <strong>of</strong> 40 wt % <strong>water</strong> with 1 wt% PGPR show<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
droplet D1,0 <strong>of</strong> 5 μm surrounded by smaller droplets at pits. Cont<strong>in</strong>uous <strong>oil</strong> and<br />
crystall<strong>in</strong>e phase can be seen encas<strong>in</strong>g the droplets. .............................................. 97<br />
Fig. 5.33. Cryo-SEM micrograph <strong>of</strong> Hard paraff<strong>in</strong> formula conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g 40 wt% <strong>water</strong><br />
with 1 wt% Span 80 with Tween 80. A couple <strong>of</strong> <strong>water</strong> droplets can be seen around<br />
D1,0 = 20 μm <strong>in</strong> diameter encased <strong>in</strong> surface active wax crystals. ............................ 98<br />
Fig. 5.34. Texture pr<strong>of</strong>ile penetrometer test on Basic Lipstick and Emulsions samples<br />
conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g 10, 20, 30 & 40 wt% <strong>water</strong> with 1 wt% Emulsifiers. ............................... 101<br />
Fig. 5.35. Compression firmness test on Basic Lipstick and Emulsions samples<br />
conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g 10, 20, 30 & 40 wt% <strong>water</strong> with 1 wt% Emulsifiers. ............................... 103<br />
x