- Page 1 and 2: LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS LECTURE NOTES A
- Page 3 and 4: PREFACE This book is not a traditio
- Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface. . . . .
- Page 7 and 8: 3.3 Traditional and Structural Gram
- Page 9 and 10: INTRODUCTION: LINGUISTICS AND THE J
- Page 11 and 12: college and career readiness (The M
- Page 13 and 14: (3) a. Should colleagues be discipl
- Page 15 and 16: elationship between gas mileage and
- Page 17 and 18: Several years ago, Ford Motor Compa
- Page 19 and 20: Since the principles in (9) are obj
- Page 21 and 22: Now notice that there are actually
- Page 23 and 24: Since language is a product of huma
- Page 25 and 26: Native speakers of English understa
- Page 27 and 28: to introduce students to systematic
- Page 29: Work for an advertising company: Co
- Page 33 and 34: and should never be uttered. If spe
- Page 35 and 36: (17) a. Question: Why did they come
- Page 37 and 38: necessarily equal the number of syl
- Page 39 and 40: Different speakers may not agree ex
- Page 41 and 42: Seventh, the stages of acquisition
- Page 43 and 44: 1.3 THEORIES OF NATIVE LANGUAGE ACQ
- Page 45 and 46: Evidence for Cerebral Lateralizatio
- Page 47 and 48: In addition to this, linguists make
- Page 49 and 50: to be told that (36b), (36e), and (
- Page 51 and 52: (40) PLACEMENT: other elements cann
- Page 53 and 54: causing the fear and the little gir
- Page 55 and 56: (51b) is much easier to remember th
- Page 57 and 58: direct reflection of human beings
- Page 59 and 60: The essential point is that substan
- Page 61 and 62: (62d), are also the positions for t
- Page 63 and 64: (70) a. [n] nonperson, nonbiodegrad
- Page 65 and 66: (72) a. The clause is the major str
- Page 67 and 68: (76) The feature system of language
- Page 69 and 70: As a second example of the generali
- Page 71 and 72: As a fourth example of the generali
- Page 73 and 74: The existence of examples like (87d
- Page 75 and 76: 1.11 LINGUISTIC UNIVERSALS AND HUMA
- Page 77 and 78: . [1] The man killed the cat. [2] T
- Page 79 and 80: are and what grammatical model best
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The structural principles that appl
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c. Example: Honeybees (115) Type Tw
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(121) a. Bill appeared to John to b
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Theories which assume a straight li
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As we noted in our discussion of ce
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Changes in the Vocal Apparatus Turn
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1.16 SUMMARY As we have seen, there
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instruction and why they systematic
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f. They hired Spanish teachers. g.
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8. Here are two typical definitions
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CHAPTER TWO: PHONETICS AND PHONOLOG
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distinguished from those that don
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• BACK - NONBACK — Back sounds
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The superscript “h” in the tran
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The definitions for the remaining d
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2.1.4 REVIEW OF ISSUES At this poin
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For many students, the study of lan
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The last syllable is called the ULT
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Continuing with their analysis of E
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As we have had occasion to notice m
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FIGURE SEVEN: PHONOLOGICAL AND PHON
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In addition to specific phonotactic
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2.5 THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF PHONOLO
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This issue is important enough to r
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Clearly, a rule like (36) will be n
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2.5.3 THIRD SET OF OBSERVATIONS Sum
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To these forms, various stress rule
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2.8 SUMMARY OF RULE FORMALISM SYMBO
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NASALS: SUMMARY OF ENGLISH SOUNDS A
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weird feared veered cared cord meat
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3. Transcribe the following words i
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6. In each of the following, supply
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. [k], [], [h], [g] Choice: Class:
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11. In Classical Latin, nouns have
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APPENDIX A: ANSWERS TO TRANSCRIPTIO
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2. music physics psychic sonic heli
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endevous residue peekaboo honeydew
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5. a. Palatalize all alveolar stops
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1. Data. APPENDIX C: SLASH-DASH NOT
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APPENDIX E: MORPHOLOGY PROBLEM Cons
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(1) Root /æg/ ‘do’: APPENDIX G
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CHAPTER THREE: SYNTAX 3.1 LINGUISTI
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of English unconsciously know the f
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Given these examples, it appears th
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3.1.4 LINGUISTIC ARGUMENTATION: STR
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. John has the Spanish history book
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(47) a. Who did the company handed
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f. *The company handed out the divi
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While (60b) appears to be a fairly
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one gets in the development of gram
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as in (63), then repetition of the
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(77) a. S NP + AUX + VP b. VP V +
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distinctions, PRESENT (PRS), PAST (
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(90) Noun Class Overt Determiner No
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A possessive pronoun like her is ac
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Again, observe that the left to rig
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(109) This tree characterizes the o
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It is important to note, at this po
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These entries stipulate that a verb
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(133) a. *That happy Richard laughe
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Since our understanding of language
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primes were not used; rather a bar
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The above representations contain t
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(158) S: The people generously dona
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(161) Prehead NP position. a. the c
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(166) a. The bandit was shot by the
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(172) To solve this problem, we wil
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Adding a quantifier and adjuncts (b
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Returning to our original examples,
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3.12 RESIDENTIAL GRAMMAR (RG) The m
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Given these major categorial distin
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out of substantive phonological fea
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The of in (203b) and (204b) is not
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N3 his insistence on that to the V3
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Another example of the relationship
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In all the representations above, w
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(227) Greenberg’s Universal 20. 2
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FIGURE EIGHT: FEATURES FOR SOME ENG
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As the above diagrams show, the mos
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(241) a. the Spanish Spanish teache
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The existence of V1 (direct object
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3.13 TRANSFORMATIONAL GENERATIVE GR
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(259) This produces the sentence (2
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principles form native speakers’
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In (270), as in (266), city is the
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(278) a. John persuaded Bill that M
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The CBC also extends to idioms such
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3.17 WORD ORDER VARIATIONS In this
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First, while English push open and
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3.17.2 NONCONFIGURATIONAL LANGUAGES
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(328) ducentes fortes milites ‘th
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at least six possible ways of deali
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(343) a. off: blow off a lot of ste
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3.18 THE ENGLISH AUXILIARY 3.18.1 T
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(359) TNS + V PST + hunt .)))0)))hu
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(366) An negative (not) can modify
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(376) The PROG and PASS can occur,
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(382) a. The lady was imposing (PRO
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(394) The order must be V1 level el
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(403) a. All of the men could have
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3.18.4 SUMMARY OF NOMINALS AND VERB
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(420) Future Tense: he will intervi
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(424) Past Tense + Passive Voice: t
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(426) Conditional Tense + Perfectiv
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(428) Conditional Tense + Perfectiv
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4. All of the following sentences h
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9. Draw diagrams for each of the me
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d. John reads those magazines. e. T
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3. a. (107) can generate the struct
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5. Provide disambiguating diagrams
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d. The prisoner of war spoke foolis
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d. John reads those magazines. (rea
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8. Draw diagrams for the following
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9. a. The thief hit the lady with t
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c. The repair man will look up the
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e. They hired Spanish teachers. (1)
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7. Rules for Case Marking and Rules
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5. Noun phrase structure (John’s
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SUPPLEMENT ONE: GRAMMAR REVIEW SYNT
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CONJUNCTION: A conjunction is a wor
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SOME INFLECTIONAL CATEGORIES PERSON
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SUPPLEMENT TWO (PART II): TYPOLOGIC
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ALTAIC: SUPPLEMENT THREE (PART II):
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SUPPLEMENT FOUR (PART II): AMERICAN
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SUPPLEMENT FOUR (PART IV): LANGUAGE
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SUPPLEMENT FIVE: LANGUAGES AND LANG
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SUPPLEMENT SIX: SOME ALPHABETS ROMA
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SUPPLEMENT SEVEN: SAMPLE PARSES FRO
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(3) COPULATIVE (PREDICATE COMPLEMEN
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(5) INTRANSITIVE WITH A MANNER ADVE
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(7) TRANSITIVE (DIRECT OBJECT + MAN
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(9) fred left the country happy a.
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(10) TRANSITIVE (DIRECT OBJECT + IN
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(12) TRANSITIVE (DOUBLE OBJECT): sh
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(14) TRANSITIVE (SENTENTIAL COMPLEM
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(16) TRANSITIVE (SENTENTIAL COMPLEM
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(17) TRANSITIVE (SENTENTIAL COMPLEM
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(19) TRANSITIVE (SENTENTIAL COMPLEM
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(21) TRANSITIVE (DIRECT OBJECT + S
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(23) TRANSITIVE (DIRECT OBJECT + S
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(25) TRANSITIVE (DIRECT OBJECT + S
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(27) TRANSITIVE (PREPOSITIONAL PHRA
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(29) TRANSITIVE (PREPOSITIONAL PHRA
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(31) TRANSITIVE (DIRECT OBJECT + PA
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(33) TRANSITIVE (COMPLEMENTARY INFI
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(35) TRANSITIVE (PREPOSITIONAL OBJE
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SUPPLEMENT EIGHT: SAMPLE PARSES FRO
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(4) All those many nosey house gues
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SUPPLEMENT NINE: SAMPLE PARSES FROM
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(3) Saturn’s rings are believed t
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(2) Passive Participles (-en) and D
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(4) Summary of Verbal Structures. a
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(6) TRANSITIVE (DIRECT OBJECT + PAS
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(8) AMBIGUITY: i heard the tenor si
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OUTLINE OF TECHNICAL TERMS (1) Phon
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(7) Command. a. C-command: A syntac
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d. The Contraction Block Condition
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RESIDENTIAL GRAMMAR (RG) SUMMARY (1
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(10) Traditional Analysis: SYNTACTI
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(12) TG (Transformational Grammar)
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SAMPLE PARSE ROUTINE CATEGORY AND F
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Total Time Elapsed in Seconds: 19 P
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REFERENCES Abney, Steven. 1987. The
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Dempster, F. N. 1985. “Short-term
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Osumi, Midori. 1995. Tinrin Grammar
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SAMPLE TEST ONE LIN 180: LINGUISTIC
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6. Which of the following is of gre
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16. The manner in which speech and
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26. Which of the following is the c
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37. Which of the following is most
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48. Which of the following is typic
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1. Which of the following is the co
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9. Which of the following is the co
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17. Which of the following groups o
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24. Which of the following rules is
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28. Which of the following rules pr
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34. The fact that some speakers of
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39. The correct phonetic form for t
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46. Consider the following English
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SCRATCH PAGE NAME:_________________
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1. Consider the following sentences
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5. Which of the choices below corre
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11. Consider the following sentence
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16. Consider the following data: ST
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20. Which of the following is corre
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27. Which of the following sentence
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34. If a sentence has the above str
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40. Which of the following words do
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48. Which of the following transfor
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1. Consider the following sentences
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5. Which of the choices below corre
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11. Which of the following sentence
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16. Consider the following data: ST
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20. Which of the following is corre
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27. Which of the following sentence
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34. If a sentence has the above str
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40. Which of the following is corre
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48. Which of the following transfor
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Characterizer. . . . . . . . . . .
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Labeled Brackets. . . . . . . . . .
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Personal Pronoun. . . . . . . . . .
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Third Person.. . . . . . . . . . .
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The word “in” is a preposition