linguistic structures - Professor Binkert's Webpage - Oakland ...

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Copyright © The Langtech Corporation 2012 The Langtech Corporation 643 Hazy View Lane Milford, Michigan 48381-2159 All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in Milford, Michigan.
Page 1: LINGUISTIC STRUCTURES LECTURE NOTES
Page 6 and 7: dialects, different cultural patter
Page 8 and 9: Summary of English Sounds and Spell
Page 10 and 11: Supplement One: The Nature of Human
Page 12 and 13: 2 example, students often think tha
Page 14 and 15: 4 the average number sent will be 3
Page 16 and 17: 6 long with them and must rush to h
Page 18 and 19: 8 The approach, therefore, seems su
Page 20 and 21: 10 it. Phrases which teachers of gr
Page 22 and 23: 12 Another Linguistic Example: Engl
Page 24 and 25: 14 increase. Thus, manufacturers lo
Page 26 and 27: 16 follows largely from the nature
Page 28 and 29: 18 the students in such mixed class
Page 30 and 31: 20 ADDENDUM: CAREER OPPORTUNITIES I
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER ONE: FUNDAMENTALS OF LINGUI
Page 35 and 36: acquire a native language because t
Page 37 and 38: (18) a. Question: Why did they come
Page 39 and 40: grammars prescribe what one should
Page 41 and 42: At this point, let us consider only
Page 43 and 44: The obvious reason that human langu
Page 45 and 46: consonant sounds. The number and ty
Page 47 and 48: (38) a. [Something] pleased the coa
Page 49 and 50: (43) a. [+ANTERIOR] articulated in
Page 51 and 52: (51) a. Assimilate [+NASAL] consona
Page 53 and 54:
constraints on human articulation.
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(55) Statements Direct Questions Un
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Given data like the above, it is cl
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explanatory adequacy because it rel
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g. They are all finished. h. They d
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8. Here are two typical definitions
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CHAPTER TWO: PHONETICS AND PHONOLOG
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distinguished from those that don
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• BACK - NONBACK — Back sounds
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The superscript “h” in the tran
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The definitions for the remaining d
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2.1.4 REVIEW OF ISSUES At this poin
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For many students, the study of lan
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The last syllable is called the ULT
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stub, skin, school, the t and k sou
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As we have had occasion to notice m
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FIGURE SEVEN: PHONOLOGICAL AND PHON
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In addition to specific phonotactic
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2.5 THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF PHONOLO
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This issue is important enough to r
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Clearly, a rule like (36) will be n
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2.5.3 THIRD SET OF OBSERVATIONS Sum
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To these forms, various stress rule
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2.8 SUMMARY OF RULE FORMALISM SYMBO
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NASALS: SUMMARY OF ENGLISH SOUNDS A
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weird feared veered cared cord meat
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3. Transcribe the following words i
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6. In each of the following, supply
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. [k], [õ], [h], [g] Choice: Class
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11. In Classical Latin, nouns have
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APPENDIX A: ANSWERS TO TRANSCRIPTIO
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2. music physics psychic sonic heli
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endevous residue peekaboo honeydew
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5. a. Palatalize all alveolar stops
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1. Data. APPENDIX C: SLASH-DASH NOT
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APPENDIX E: MORPHOLOGY PROBLEM Cons
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(1) Root /æg/ ‘do’: APPENDIX G
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CHAPTER THREE: SYNTAX 3.1 LINGUISTI
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pronoun. We know that is correct be
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Given these examples, it appears th
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(27) a. *My niece hit the busses st
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(34) a. John has the Spanish histor
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Given the reality of the chunk in p
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If AUX is part of the VERB PHRASE,
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(51) a. Generally the passengers mu
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A categories like VP (Verb Phrase)
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Additional facts about tense that n
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3.5 DETERMINERS AND THE INTERNAL ST
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The grammar we are developing must
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noun like John or child can only be
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indicating that the change is justi
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3.6 THE ENDOCENTRICITY CONSTRAINT P
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3.7 THE LEXICON In order to generat
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y quantifier nouns and POS can only
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center are due to Copernicus (1473-
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analysis ignores the fact that NP
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Note that each bracket on the left
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The data that we have observed and
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Given these structures, we can make
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The problem with the structures (14
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. He decided on the boat. (on the b
Page 175 and 176:
With this revision, we can diagram
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With all the above revisions, it is
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Summarizing, we have the following
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The feature [+VBL] specifies those
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(history in teacher of history and
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(185) a. b. (186) a. b. The structu
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(191) a. *The school show play here
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The representations in (194) and (1
Page 191 and 192:
Observe again that, by convention,
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FIGURE EIGHT: FEATURES FOR ENGLISH
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As the above diagrams show, the mos
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(212) a. the Spanish Spanish teache
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The existence of V1 (direct object
Page 201 and 202:
3.13 TRANSFORMATIONAL GENERATIVE GR
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(230) This produces the sentence (2
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discussion, we have been trying to
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In (241), the empty N3 most immedia
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(250) THE EMPTY CATEGORY CONDITION
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Consider now a sentence like (268),
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3.16 THE ENGLISH AUXILIARY 3.16.1 T
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(277) TNS + V PST + hunt .)))0)))hu
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(284) An negative (not) can modify
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(294) The PROG and PASS can occur,
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(300) a. The lady was imposing (PRO
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(312) The order must be V1 level el
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(321) a. All of the men could have
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3.16.4 SUMMARY OF NOMINALS AND VERB
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(338) Future Tense: he will intervi
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(342) Past Tense + Passive Voice: t
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(344) Conditional Tense + Perfectiv
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(346) Conditional Tense + Perfectiv
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EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER THREE 1. Draw
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Provide disambiguating diagrams for
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APPENDIX A: ANSWERS TO EXERCISES 1.
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h. The boy could take the garbage o
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4. All of the following sentences h
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(2) = The man will look the street
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7. Draw RG diagrams for the followi
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h. The boy could take the garbage o
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c. They will probably read the assi
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. Ron left the house messy. (1) = T
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d. The prisoner of war spoke foolis
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APPENDIX B: LATIN SYNTAX Latin verb
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APPENDIX C: SUMMARY OF TREE STRUCTU
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7. Sentence with an intransitive (J
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4.1 PRELIMINARY REMARKS CHAPTER FOU
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(3) a. We were shooting the breeze.
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. The baby is too young to stand up
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The role of a noun phrase in relati
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e. If all three cases occur, either
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Unfortunately, there is even furthe
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In ancient Greek, which has no abla
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(40) Latin (same grammatical case,
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(46) Finnish (same grammatical case
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4.12 POSITIONAL THEMATIC RELATIONS
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To account for the differences betw
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-DSJ -CNJ +DSJ +CNJ -DSJ +CNJ +DSJ
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(56) a. He turned into a street. [+
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The definitions for the major nonpo
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(72) AFFERENTIAL (AFR): The quasi-p
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(80) a. ATTRIBUTIVE: He is black. b
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(89) a. BIRD4: robin A robin is a b
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cannot be derived from the (literal
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(97) [PST2]: live in luxury 291 a.
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(101) a. +PST POSITIONAL INVOLVING
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As a further example, consider the
Page 307 and 308:
EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER FOUR In many
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4. What other tests than those in E
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10. The following uses of the ABLAT
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2. RG SEMANTICS: a. [+POSITIONAL] [
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CHAPTER FIVE: LANGUAGE, PEOPLE, AND
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(5) all those many young philosophe
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number is, interestingly, the lower
Page 321 and 322:
(12) I know that (CPL) that (DET) m
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Given the above data, the RG analys
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(25) a. John called a former girl f
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In V3, complementizers are also a B
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(32) a. If a barrier is a free resi
Page 331 and 332:
Given the Ø-analysis, we say that
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Summarizing, we have the following
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educes all phrases and clauses to v
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(60) a. C-command: a category α C-
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(69) a. Bob told himself that Ann l
Page 341 and 342:
e. Bob told Ann that Sue liked her.
Page 343 and 344:
(74) The behavior of floating quant
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Also: N3 w is the subject of both w
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EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER FIVE 1. Accou
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SUPPLEMENT ONE: THE NATURE OF HUMAN
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B. The GRAMMATICAL REALIZATION PROB
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(2) The differentiation of word cla
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II. THEORIES OF LANGUAGE. A. Myths.
Page 357 and 358:
III. The theory of LINGUISTIC UNIVE
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B. FORMAL UNIVERSALS: stipulations
Page 361 and 362:
2. MORPHOLOGY. a. (1) [t]: kicked,
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D. The generality of linguistics un
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3. Ellipsis. a. Linguistic. (1) Joh
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5. Complexity. a. Linguistic. (1) P
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6. Incongruity. a. Linguistic. (1)
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E. Linguistic universals and human
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IV. TYPES OF LANGUAGES. A. Classifi
Page 375 and 376:
. PARAPHRASE (one meaning, more the
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B. Innovations in the STRUCTURE of
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C. Innovations in the FUNCTIONING o
Page 381 and 382:
SUPPLEMENT TWO: GRAMMAR REVIEW SYNT
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CONJUNCTION: A conjunction is a wor
Page 385 and 386:
SOME INFLECTIONAL CATEGORIES PERSON
Page 387 and 388:
SUPPLEMENT THREE (PART II): TYPOLOG
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ALTAIC: SUPPLEMENT FOUR (PART II):
Page 391 and 392:
SUPPLEMENT FIVE (PART II): AMERICAN
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SUPPLEMENT FIVE (PART IV): LANGUAGE
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SUPPLEMENT SIX: LANGUAGES AND LANGU
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SUPPLEMENT SEVEN: SOME ALPHABETS RO
Page 399 and 400:
SUPPLEMENT EIGHT: SAMPLE PARSES FRO
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(3) COPULATIVE (PREDICATE COMPLEMEN
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(5) INTRANSITIVE WITH A MANNER ADVE
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(7) TRANSITIVE (DIRECT OBJECT + MAN
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(9) fred left the country happy a.
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(10) TRANSITIVE (DIRECT OBJECT + IN
Page 411 and 412:
(12) TRANSITIVE (DOUBLE OBJECT): sh
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(14) TRANSITIVE (SENTENTIAL COMPLEM
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Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
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(21) TRANSITIVE (DIRECT OBJECT + S
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Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
(27) TRANSITIVE (PREPOSITIONAL PHRA
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(29) TRANSITIVE (PREPOSITIONAL PHRA
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(31) TRANSITIVE (DIRECT OBJECT + PA
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(33) TRANSITIVE (COMPLEMENTARY INFI
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(35) TRANSITIVE (PREPOSITIONAL OBJE
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SUPPLEMENT NINE: SAMPLE PARSES FROM
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(4) All those many nosey house gues
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SUPPLEMENT TEN: SAMPLE PARSES FROM
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(3) Saturn’s rings are believed t
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(2) Passive Participles (-en) and D
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(4) Summary of Verbal Structures. a
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(6) TRANSITIVE (DIRECT OBJECT + PAS
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(8) AMBIGUITY: i heard the tenor si
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INDEX Abstract Noun ...............
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Denotation ........................
Page 457 and 458:
Low ...............................
Page 459 and 460:
Phrase Structure Filter ...........
Page 461 and 462:
Trace .............................
Page 463 and 464:
NOTES 453
Page 465 and 466:
NOTES 455
Page 467 and 468:
NOTES 457
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