USNO Circular 179 - U.S. Naval Observatory

Recommendations

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Text of IAU Resolutions of 2000 Adopted at the XXIVth General Assembly, Manchester Resolution B1.1 Maintenance and Establishment of Reference Frames and Systems The XXIVth International Astronomical Union Noting 1. that Resolution B2 of the XXIIIrd General Assembly (1997) specifies that “the fundamental reference frame shall be the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF) constructed by the IAU Working Group on Reference Frames,” 2. that Resolution B2 of the XXIIIrd General Assembly (1997) specifies “That the Hipparcos Catalogue shall be the primary realization of the ICRS at optical wavelengths”, and 3. the need for accurate definition of reference systems brought about by unprecedented precision, and Recognizing 1. the importance of continuing operational observations made with Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) to maintain the ICRF, 2. the importance of VLBI observations to the operational determination of the parameters needed to specify the time-variable transformation between the International Celestial and Terrestrial Reference Frames, 3. the progressive shift between the Hipparcos frame and the ICRF, and 4. the need to maintain the optical realization as close as possible to the ICRF Recommends 1. that IAU Division I maintain the Working Group on Celestial Reference Systems formed from Division I members to consult with the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) regarding the maintenance of the ICRS, 2. that the IAU recognize the International VLBI service (IVS) for Geodesy and Astrometry as an 70
IAU RESOLUTIONS 2000 71 IAU Service Organization, 3. that an official representative of the IVS be invited to participate in the IAU Working Group on Celestial Reference Systems, 4. that the IAU continue to provide an official representative to the IVS Directing Board, 5. that the astrometric and geodetic VLBI observing programs consider the requirements for maintenance of the ICRF and linking to the Hipparcos optical frame in the selection of sources to be observed (with emphasis on the Southern Hemisphere), design of observing networks, and the distribution of data, and 6. that the scientific community continue with high priority ground- and space-based observations (a) for the maintenance of the optical Hipparcos frame and frames at other wavelengths and (b) for the links of the frames to the ICRF. Resolution B1.2 Hipparcos Celestial Reference Frame The XXIVth International Astronomical Union Noting 1. that Resolution B2 of the XXIIIrd General Assembly (1997) specifies, “That the Hipparcos Catalogue shall be the primary realization of the International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) at optical wavelengths,” 2. the need for this realization to be of the highest precision, 3. that the proper motions of many of the Hipparcos stars known, or suspected, to be multiple are adversely affected by uncorrected orbital motion, 4. the extensive use of the Hipparcos Catalogue as reference for the ICRS in extension to fainter stars, 5. the need to avoid confusion between the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF) and the Hipparcos frame, and 6. the progressive shift between the Hipparcos frame and the ICRF, Recommends 1. that Resolution B2 of the XXIIIrd IAU General Assembly (1997) be amended by excluding from the optical realization of the ICRS all stars flagged C, G, O, V and X in the Hipparcos Catalogue, and 2. that this modified Hipparcos frame be labeled the Hipparcos Celestial Reference Frame (HCRF).
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UNITED STATES NAVAL OBSERVATORY CIR
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ii 3.4.4 Relationship to Other Syst
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iv INTRODUCTION recommendations. Ma
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vi INTRODUCTION that are available
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A Few Words about Constants This ci
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Abbreviations and Symbols Frequentl
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xii ABBREVIATIONS & SYMBOLS s CIO l
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2 RELATIVITY In 1991, the IAU made
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4 RELATIVITY Geocentric Celestial R
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6 RELATIVITY 1.4 Concluding Remarks
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8 TIME SCALES star across a certain
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10 TIME SCALES were computed in a b
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12 TIME SCALES Clearly UT1-UTC and
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14 TIME SCALES From the perspective
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16 TIME SCALES method and the time
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18 TIME SCALES through the local ge
Page 34 and 35: 20 CELESTIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM 3.1 T
Page 36 and 37: 22 CELESTIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM the i
Page 38 and 39: 24 CELESTIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM 3.4 I
Page 40 and 41: 26 CELESTIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM withi
Page 42 and 43: 28 CELESTIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM the p
Page 44 and 45: 30 EPHEMERIDES DE200 nor DE405 have
Page 46 and 47: 32 EPHEMERIDES scaling. LB = 1.550
Page 48 and 49: 34 PRECESSION & NUTATION 5.1 Aspect
Page 50 and 51: 36 PRECESSION & NUTATION 5.2 Which
Page 52 and 53: 38 PRECESSION & NUTATION Figure 5.2
Page 54 and 55: 40 PRECESSION & NUTATION the pole o
Page 56 and 57: 42 PRECESSION & NUTATION and the re
Page 58 and 59: 44 PRECESSION & NUTATION 2. A rotat
Page 60 and 61: 46 PRECESSION & NUTATION ∆ɛ = N
Page 62 and 63: 48 PRECESSION & NUTATION S1 = sin (
Page 64 and 65: Chapter 6 Modeling the Earth’s Ro
Page 66 and 67: 52 MODELING THE EARTH’S ROTATION
Page 82 and 83: 68 IAU RESOLUTIONS 1997 reference f
Page 86 and 87: 72 IAU RESOLUTIONS 2000 Resolution
Page 88 and 89: 74 IAU RESOLUTIONS 2000 integrals t
Page 90 and 91: 76 IAU RESOLUTIONS 2000 g0i = − 4
Page 92 and 93: 78 IAU RESOLUTIONS 2000 3. that sem
Page 94 and 95: 80 IAU RESOLUTIONS 2000 Recommends
Page 96 and 97: References Journal abbreviations: A
Page 98 and 99: 84 REFERENCES Høg, E., Fabricius,
Page 100 and 101: 86 REFERENCES Nelson, R. A., McCart
Page 102 and 103: IAU 2000A Nutation Series The nutat
Page 104 and 105: 90 NUTATION SERIES Term i j= 1 Fund
Page 114 and 115: 100 NUTATION SERIES Term i j= 1 Fun
Page 116 and 117: 102 NUTATION SERIES Term i j= 1 Fun
Page 118: Errata & Updates Errata in this cir
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USNO Circular 179 - U.S. Naval Observatory

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