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Ivanov V.A., Simonoy M.A., and Belav N.V. (1976) The crystal structure of a second modification of cadmium ammonium phosphate (NH4)Cd[P030H](OH), SOy. Phys. Crystal/ogr. 21(1), 109·110. JCPDS (1991) Powder Diffraction File, lCPDS Int. Cenler for Diffraction Data Swarthmore, P.A. Johnson l.W., Oelkers E.H., and Helgeson H.C. (1992) SUPCRT'92: A software package for calculation the standard molal thennodynamic properties of minerals, gases, aqueous species and reactions from I to 5000 bar and 0 to l000°C. Computers alld Geoscience 18(7), 899-947. Jonas 0., Blood F., Connick B., Lehner K., and Homan W.R. (1987) Water, sleam, and turbine deposit chemistries in phosphate-treated drum boiler units, EPRl Report CS-5275. Project No. /986-9. Jonas 0., and Layton K.F. (1988) Phosphate boiler water treatment for high pressure boilers, Proc. Second EPRIFossil Plant Cycle Chemistry Conf (Seattle, WA). Kirsh H. (1964) Phosphate containing deposits in high pressure steam generators. Mitteilung, VGB 89, 80-88. LePage, Y.; Donnay, G. Can. Mineral. 1977, 15,518-521. Lindsay W.T. Jr. (1989) Computer modeling of aqueous systems in power cycles, in Properties of Water and Steam, M. Pichal and O. Sifncr, cds., Hemisphere Publishing, Ncw York, l'\TY. pp. 29-38. Lindsay W.T. (1990) Chemistry of steam cycle solutions: principles, in The ASM£ Halldbook 011 Water Technology for Thennal Power Systems, Cohen, P. ed., Amer. Soc. Mech. Engineers, New York, NY. Chapter 7, 341-544. Lobachev, A.N. (1971) Hydrothermal Synthesis of Crystals, Consultants Bureau, NewYork-London. Maier C.G., and Kelley K.K. (1932) An equation for the representation of high temperature hcat content data, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 54, 3243-3246. Marcy V.M., and Halstead S.L. (1964) Improved basis for coordinated phosphate-pH control ofboiler water, Combustion Jan., 45-47. Marshall W.L. (1985) Aqueous inorganic phase equilibria at high temperatures: Some experimental, theoretical, and applied aspects, Pure and Appli. Chcm. 57,283-301. 127
Marshall W.L. (1982) Two-liquid-phase boundaries and critical phenomena at 275_400 o C for high-temperature aqueous potassium phosphate and sodium phosphate solutions. Potential applications for steam generators, 1. Chern. Ellg. Data 27, 175-180. Marshall W.L., and Begun a.M. (1989) Raman spectroscopy of aqueous phosphate solutions at temperatures up to 450°C, 1. Chern. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2, 85,1963-1978. Martell, A.E., and Calvin, M. (1956) Chemistry of the Metal Chelate compounds, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey. Martell, A.E., MOlckaitis, RJ., Fried, A.R., Wilson, 1.5., and MacMillan, D.T. (1975) Thennal Decomposition of EDrA, NTA, and Nitrilotrimethylene Phosphonic Acid in Aqueous Solutions, Call. J. Chern., 53, 3471-3476. Mesmer, R.E., and Baes, C.F. Jr. (1974) Phosphoric acid dissociation equilibria In aqueous solutions to 300°C, J. Solution Chem. 3, 307·322. Morey G.W. (1953) The system H20-NaPO), 1. Arner. Chern. Soc. 75, 5794-5797. Nacken, R. (1946) Artificial quartz crystals, etc., u.s. Office Of Technical Services Report. PH-IB-74S, 28-897. Nordmarm F., Dijoux M., and Stutzmann A., (2001) PowerPlallt Chemistry 3(4), 209. Panson A.J., Economy G., Llu Chia-tsun, Bulischeck T.S., and Lindsay W.T. Jr. (1975) Sodium phosphate solubility and phase relations basis for invariant point chemistry control, 1. Electrachem. Soc. 122,915-918. Partridge E.P., and Hall R.E. (1939) Attack on steel in high-capacity boilers as a result of overheating due to steam blanketing, TrailS. ASME, 10. 597-627. Pessall N., Dunlop A.B., and Feldman D.W. (1977) The corrosion resistance of Inconel Alloy 600 In high temperature phosphate SOlutions, Corrosion 33(4), 130-144. Pitzer K.S., and Simonson J.M. (1986) Thennodynamlcs of multicomponent. miscible, ionic systems: Theory and equations.J Phys. Chern. 90, 3005-3009. Pitzer K.S. (1991) Activity Coeficients in Electrolyte Solulions, 2 00 ed, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl. Pollard AJ., and Edwards AJ. (1963) An Invcstigation of the effects of alkaline phosphate solutions at elevated temperature on compounds prepared at room temperature, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Report NRL 5865. 128
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1"'1 National Library of Canada Bib
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y thcnnally dc
Page 11 and 12:
Gregory for his kindness and making
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Corrosion
Page 21 and 22:
single crystals ofquartz (Nacken, 1
Page 23 and 24:
phosphate control in the 19&Os was
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the standard Gibbs energies and ent
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consist ofortnophospllatcs. The bou
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2 FcIlFc[[J204(S) + 26 Na+(aq) + 12
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solubility and phase relations ofpr
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where 11 equals the ionic state ofh
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'", g :£ 30
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1.10 Project Objectives The objecti
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II - "7 /'7"7L 41 J n
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2.3.2 Single Crystal X-Ray Dif'frac
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2.4 Synthesis and Characterization
Page 69 and 70:
Several solid starting materials we
Page 75 and 76:
FeUlNTA(aq) + HPOl(aq) + NH/(aq) __
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All runs lasted up to to days at a
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0.0 l--l_-L_l-....J.._-L_l-....J..-
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dissolution orSNHP and allowed the
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(a) (b) Figure 3.1a and b: Scanning
Page 87 and 88:
and the equilibrium constant for ma
Page 89 and 90:
groups. Oxidizing agents were previ
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and reacted with aqueous sodium pho
Page 94 and 95: (al (b) Figure 3.5a and b: Scanning
Page 97 and 98: Figure 3.7: Scanning electron micro
Page 99: Table 3.1: Positional parameters fo
Page 104: Figure 3.10: Scanning electron micr
Page 107 and 108: pattern is listed in Table A.LI3. E
Page 109: 4.0 SOLUBILITY AND REACTION KINETIC
Page 117 and 118: Table 4.1 Experimental C
Page 119: Table 4.3 Standard slale properties
Page 126 and 127: Table 4.6 HKF equation ofstate coef
Page 128 and 129: Equilibrium constants are listed in
Page 130: Table 4.9 Equilbrium constants for
Page 136: Table 4.10 Standard state propertie
Page 142 and 143: lower NalP04 mole ratio than the re
Page 144: Broadbent D., Lewis G.G., and Wetto
Page 150 and 151: Welton E.A.M. (1981) Phase equilibr
Page 152 and 153: APPENDIX I: Powder X-ray Diffractio
Page 154 and 155: TABLE A.l.l: X-Ray Diffraction Resu
Page 157 and 158: TABLE A,I.3 (continued) Quinlan JCP
Page 159 and 160: TABLE A.1.4 (continued) Quinlan (19
Page 162 and 163: TABLE A.l.S (continued) JCPDS Quinl
Page 164 and 165: TABLE A.1.6 (continued) Quinlan (19
Page 168 and 169: TABLE A.L8 (continued) Boudin JCPDS
Page 170 and 171: TABLE A.I.9 (continued) Product RGH
Page 172 and 173: TABLE A.I.IO (continued) Ziemniak a
Page 174: TABLE AJ.11 (continued) Zicmniak an
Page 177 and 178: TABLE A.T.I2 (continued) Zicmniak a
Page 180: TABLE A.I.13 (continued) Ziemniak a
Page 183: Experimental A colorless irrcg.plal
Page 188 and 189: Slfuc!ure Solution Refinemenl Funct
Page 190 and 191: 111
Page 192 and 193: TABLE A.1II.1: Summary of ICP ES Re
Page 194 and 195: TABLE A.lll.2: KinclicData Time m(N
Page 196 and 197:
TABLE A.III.2 (continued) Time m(Na
Page 198 and 199:
TABLE A.lll.2 (continued) Time m(Na
Page 200 and 201:
TABLE A.lIl.l (continued) Time m(Na
Page 202:
TABLE A.III.3 (continued) t "C m(p0
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