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oiler water chemistry conlrol, and coined me term "invariant point"' phosphate treatment. 1.6 The Sodium.lron.Phosphate-Water System Power plant boilers would be able to operale using congruent phosphate treatment (NaIP0 4 ::5 2.8) without experiencing caustic conditions in their systems if hideout only involved sodium-phosphate precipitates. However phosphate has been shown to react readily with metal oxides (Economy et al., 1975; Balakrishnan, 1977; Broadbent et aI., 1978: Connor and Panson, 1983) and NaIP04 mole ratios can rise to above 3.0. Therefore a more complex process for phosphate hideout occurs, that includes transition metal reactions. The transition metal phosphate compound ludlamile. feIlHP04• was identified in boilers as early as 1939 by Partridge and Hall (1939). Kirsh (1964) observed such compounds as wolfite and triploideile. bolh wilh me formula Fe Il 2PO..(OH). Around lhis time. researchers were observing other hideout products that CQntained sodium within the: compound as well. The: product NaJFe I1 (OH}{HPO..h was identified by Broadbent c:t a1. (1978) whereas a related compound NaFe ffi iPO..h(OH)...2H20 was identified by Harada et al. (1978). One major sodium-iron-phosphate precipitate identified by various researchers (Pollard and Edwards. 1963; Marcy and Halstead, 1964; Broadbent et al .• 1978; Jonas and LaytOll. 1988) Wall maricitc:, NaFe"P04 • This iron(II) hideout product was detennined to playa major role in phosphate hideout and more recently in the corrosion behaviour observed in boiler systems (Dooley and Paterson. 1994: Dooley et 20
Page 4: 1"'1 National Library of Canada Bib
Page 8: y thcnnally dc
Page 11 and 12: Gregory for his kindness and making
Page 15: LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Corrosion
Page 21 and 22: single crystals ofquartz (Nacken, 1
Page 23 and 24: phosphate control in the 19&Os was
Page 25: the standard Gibbs energies and ent
Page 36: consist ofortnophospllatcs. The bou
Page 42: 3.0 < HaIPO. (aq) Figure 1.3: A sch
Page 45 and 46: introduced from stainless steel ves
Page 48 and 49: Combining Equations (1.45), (1.46),
Page 53: Alloy 600 and other alloys in sodiu
Page 59: filters, for use at high temperatur
Page 62: solubility results. A new zirconium
Page 66 and 67: accuracy. The results showed that t
Page 68 and 69: emained in the oven for 5 days - 4
Page 70: identical Na/PO. mole ratio as that
Page 76 and 77: 2.4.6.2 Nickel Nitriloacetate (H+[N
Page 78 and 79: egularly over a period ofup to 250
Page 80 and 81: temperature approached was 240 "C.
Page 82 and 83: 3.0 HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF HIDEO
Page 84: No single crystal XRD was performed
Page 88 and 89:
sodium, and phosphorus in the react
Page 90 and 91:
Figure 3.3: Scanning electron micro
Page 92:
Page 95:
Page 98 and 99:
had crystals lying parallel to Ihe
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(NalP04 = 2.5, [P04] = 1.5 molal) a
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Figure 3.11: Scanning electron micr
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(a) (b) Figure 3.123 and b: Scannin
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K _ m(PO:-) J - m(HPO; )m(OH ) SUPC
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Table 4.2 Standard state properties
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Tab1e4.5 Standard state properties
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Table 4.7 Maier-Kelley coefficients
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Table 4.8 Experimental data calcula
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whereT I = 523.15 K and T2 = 298.15
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and a kinetic study should be earne
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6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander J.H., an
Page 146 and 147:
Ivanov V.A., Simonoy M.A., and Bela
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Quinlan S, (1996) Thcnnochcmistry o
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APPENDICES 132
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TABLEA.l.l: X-Ray Diffraction Resul
Page 155:
TABLE A.I.2 (continued) Quinlan(199
Page 158 and 159:
TABLEA.I.4: X-Ray Diffraction Resul
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TABLEA.1.5: X-Ray Diffraction Resul
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TABLEA.I.G: X-Ray Diffraction Resul
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TABLEA.I.7: X-Ray Diffraction Resul
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TABLEAJ.9: X-Ray Diffraction Result
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TABLE A.1. 10: X-Ray Diffraction Re
Page 173 and 174:
TABLEA.I.l1: X-Ray Diffraction Resu
Page 176 and 177:
TABLE A,1.I2: X-Ray Diffraction Res
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TABLE A.I.l3: X-Ray Diffraction Res
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X-ray Strocture Report Fo' Dr. P. T
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(I) SIR92: Altomare, A., Cascarano,
Page 189 and 190:
110
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APPENDIX III: Kiodie aod Solubility
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TABLE A.m.1 (continued) stock 501'n
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TABLE A.m.l (continued) Time m(Na,
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TABLE A.m.2 (continued) Time m(Na+)
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TABLE A.IIL2 (continued) Time m(Na
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TABLE A.1Il.3: Experimental Data fo
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