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Discussion The management of infertility problems is the need of time. The importance of drugs from plant origin, as fertility regulating agents for the males has long been recognized. Medicinal plants present a repertoire capable of providing varied constituents which could be helpful in infertility management. Curcumin, a potent antioxidant compound derived from turmeric, has been used for centuries as a natural dye, seasoning and medicine (Huang et al, 1988). In Ayurveda, a 5000 year old system of medicine originating in India, curcumin in turmeric has been used to treat dozens of common conditions. Hence, in the present experiment an effort has been made to observe ameliorative effect of curcumin on testicular damage induced by cadmium chloride. The evidence of the past twenty years have shown a disturbing trend in male reproductive health hazards due to careless use of certain chemicals cadmium being one of them ,which causes detrimental effects on different organs. Broad-spectrum irreversible toxic actions of cadmium at the cellular and molecular levels have been observed mainly on the reproductive system of humans and experimental animals, by a number of researchers (Batra et al., 2001; Chowdhury, 2004; Massanyi et al., 2007; Burukog and Bayc, 2008; Almansour, 2009; Obianime and Roberts, 2009). Cadmium has also been reported to cause testicular damage in Leydig cells and seminiferous tubules (Massanyi et al., 2007; Burukog and Bayc, 2008; Almansour, 2009; Obianime and Roberts, 2009; De Souza Predes et al., 2009 and Al attar Curcumin protects against cadmium chloride 35 2011). These observations are similar to the results of the present study, which has revealed that cadmium chloride induced severe alterations in histopathological profile of testes as manifested by disarrangement of morphology of Leydig cells and 100% seminiferous tubular damage within which spermatogonia, spermatocytes and differentiating spermatids were severely affected and were lost in the luminal space of the tubules culminating in total suppression of spermatogenesis. There was induction of azoospermia. The results of present experiment also correlate well with other reports where cadmium has been shown to induce testicular damage in rat and mice (Gunn et al., 1970., Herranz et al., 2010; and Mathur et al., 2010). Our observations are also similar to the observations of Monsefi et al., 2008; Chowdhury, 2009 and Adamkovicova et al., 2010 where, similar to our results cadmium chloride has shown to cause rapid testicular edema, haemorrhage, necrosis and degeneration of testicular membrane tissue. Adaikpoh and Obi (2009) have reported that cadmium increased total cholesterol levels in the testes and prostate of rats, which affects Leydig cell function negatively. In the present experimental design administration of curcumin protected testis of mice exposed to cadmium as evidenced by appearance of about 75% normal structures of seminiferous tubule of testis showing the ongoing process of spermatogenesis as evidenced by the presence of spermatids and spermatozoon, and lack of exfoliated cells in the luminal space. Additionally, the present study indicated that the exposure to heavy metals produce testicular damage, which leads to spermatogenic arrest which is rectified and prevented by curcumin intake. Table 1. Alterations in the seminiferous germ cells of Swiss albino mice challenged with cadmium chloride and curcumin S. No. Experimental Protocol 1. Control (distilled water as a vehicle for 16 days) 2. Curcumin (10 mg/animal/day for 16 days) 3. Cadmium Chloride(50 mg/kg/animal/day for 15 days) 4. Curcumin (10 mg/animal/day for 16 days) +Cadmium Chloride(50 mg/kg/animal/day for 15 days) Types Of Germ Cells Present (P) And Exfoliated (E) SMC S C P Sp S Sp S S Z Se C P P P P P P P Total number of germ cell layers 9-11 P P P P P P P 9-11 P P E E E E P 2-3* Χ 2 =4.241 P=0.04 P P E E P E P 6-10 Χ 2 =0.204 P=0.65 SMC – Spermatogonial Mother Cells; SC – Spermatogonial cells ; PSp- Primary Spermatocytes; SSp- Secondary Spermatocytes; S- Spermatids; SZ- Spermatozoa; SeC- Sertoli Cells *Χ 2 significant at P ≤0.05
36 Preeti SINGH et al. References Adaikpoh M A and Obi F O. Prevention of cadmium –induced alteration in rat testes and prostrate lipid patterns by ɑ-tocopherol. African Journal of Biochemistry. 3 (10): 321-325, c 2009. Adamkovicova M, Toman R, and Cabaj M. Diazinon and cadmium acute testicular toxicity in rats examined by histopathological and morphometrical methods. Slovak J Anim Sci. 43. (3): 134-140, 2010. Almansour M I. Histological alterations induced by lead in the testes of the quail Coturnix coturnix. Res. J. Environ. Toxicol. 3:24-30, 2009. Ammon HPT and Wahl M A. Pharmacology of Curcuma longa. Planta Med.57: 1–7, 1991. Ammon HPT, Anazodo MI, Safayhi H and Dhawan BN. Curcumin a potent inhibitor of leukotriene B4 formation in rat polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNL). Planta Med. 67: 1-6, 1992. Al-Attar AM. Antioxidant effect of vitamin E treatment on some heavy metals-induced renal and testicular injuries in male mice. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 18, 63–72, 2011. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). Toxicological profile for Cadmium. ATSDR / US department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta/, US, 1999. Azuine M, Bhide S. Chemo preventive effect of turmeric against stomach and skin tumors induced by chemical carcinogens in Swiss mice. Nutr Cancer. 17:77-83,1992. Batra N, Nehru B, and Bansal M P. Influence of lead and zinc on rat male reproduction at ‘biochemical and histopathological levels’. J Appl Toxicol. 21: 507–512,2001. Benoff S, Jacob A and Hurley I R. Male infertility and environmental exposure to lead and cadmium. Hum Reprod. 6: 107-21. Update 2000. Bernard A and Lauwerys R. Effects of cadmium exposure in humans. In: Foulkes, E.C. ed. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. 80:135-177, 1986. Beton DC, Andrews GS, Davies HJ, et al. Acute cadmium fume poisoning. Five cases with one death from renal necrosis. Br J Ind Med. 23:292-301,1966. Blumenthal NC, Cosma V, Skyler D, LeGeros J, and Walters M. The effect of cadmium on the formation and properties of hydroxyl apatite in vitro and its relationto cadmium toxicity in the skeletal system. Calcif Tissue Int. 56 (4): 316-22,1995. Buchet JP, Roels H, Bernard A, et al. Assessment of renal function of workers exposed to inorganic lead, cadmium or mercury vapor. J Occup Med. 22: 741- 748,1980. Burukoglu D and Baycu C. Protective effects of zinc on testes of cadmium-treated rats. Bull Environ Contam. 81: 521–524, 2008. Chowdhury AR. Recent Advances in Heavy Metals Induced Effect on Male Reproductive Function-A Retrospective. Al Ameen J Med Sci. 2(2): 37 -42, 2009. Chowdhury AR. Male reproductive toxicity-new perspective in life science. Chatterjee P and Chanda AK (Ed). Life Science in Modern Perspective. University of Calcutta. 97–10,2004. Col M, Col C, Soran A, et al. Arsenic related Bowen’s disease, Palmer keratosis, and skin cancer. Environ Health Perspect. 107:687-9,1999. Danielyan A. The problem of pollution with heavy metals and possible risks related to that in watersheds with the developed metallurgical industry. In: BALWOIS 2010 Conference. Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia. pp. 1–9, 2010. De Souza Predes F , Diamante MAS and Dolder H. Testis response to low doses of cadmium in Wistar rats. Int J Exp Path, 91: 125–131,2009. Dikshit M, Rastogi L, Shukla R and Srimal RC. Prevention of ischaemia-induced biochemical changes by curcumin and quinidine in the cat heart. Indian J Med Res. 101: 31 - 35, 1995.
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