Untitled - Journal of Lighting Engineering

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the university notice boards, and by stopping passers-by in the test areas. Most of the participants knew well the areas they Table 1 Key environmental features in the test areas. Lighting promoting safety and creating a sense of pleasantness evaluated (in Herttoniemi 88%, in Roihuvuori 79%). Table 2 The lighting features of different areas. Light source, lamp/luminaire power (W), luminous flux (lm), horizontal (CCTh) and vertical (CCTv) values of Correlated Colour Temperatures (K), horizontal (Rah) and vertical (Rav) values of CIE Colour Rendering Indices, mean luminance (Lave) (cd/m 2 ) on the walkway and in the surroundings, general luminance uniformity on the walkway (Uo), longitudinal luminance uniformity on the walkway (Ul), and Threshold Increment (TI) (%) value of the areas. 3.3 Measures We assessed the perceived colour quality via the following statement: ‘The colour of the light makes the environment pleasant – unpleasant.’ Further statements related to the lighting factors were as follows: brightness – ‘The lighting on the pathway is too strong – totally inadequate’; evenness – ‘The lighting on the pathway is too uneven – very even’; and, extensiveness – ‘The lighting in the area surrounding the pathway is too abundant – totally Ingineria Iluminatului 2012; 14, 2: 33-46 37
Heli NIKUNEN, Marjukka PUOLAKKA, A RANTAKALLIO, K KORPELA, Liisa HALONEN inadequate.’ The pleasantness of the lighting environment with the following statement: ‘The lighting in the area is very pleasant – very unpleasant.’ Finally, perceived safety was assessed via the following statement: ‘The feeling of safety produced by the lighting is very good – very weak.’ We evaluated the statements using 7-point Likert scales. Also, though we measured perceived restorativeness, the results are not reported here. Besides responding to the statements, the subjects were also free to comment on the lighting environment in their own words if they wished to do so. The perceived glare was measured by having the subject walk one pole length and look straight ahead as they normally would do. The perceived glare, measured on a 0-3 scale (0= no glare, 3=very strong glare), was written down in a graph by an assistant who walked slightly behind the subject. A sorter scale was used in order to make the evaluation task easier. We used single-item scales rather than multi-item scales for the measurements as a way of limiting the evaluation time. During the cold and dark season it would have been difficult to get willing subjects to participate in a lengthy outdoor study. 3.4 Procedures We conducted the experiments at the beginning of November 2011, starting around 6-7 PM, so that it was completely dark. There was no snow on the ground and the tests and measurements were carried out in dry weather. There was still some foliage on the trees and on the ground. First, the participants were informed about the test site locations and the contents 38 of the test forms, which they filled in themselves. The background data of the subjects were recorded close to the test area in order for their eyes to have time to adapt to the lighting situation. The subjects could walk freely around the test areas, but the desired evaluation direction was indicated on the test maps, and verbal reminders of this were also given during the test. The evaluation direction was chosen so that the visual background was as similar as possible between the test areas. In Roihuvuori, the mean test duration was approximately 40 minutes and half of the subjects (14 out of 29) conducted the test in reverse order (Area C first). In Herttoniemi, the mean test duration was approximately 25 minutes and all of the subjects conducted the test in the same order (D first). This was done to prevent the subjects from perceiving the areas against an undesired background prior to the study, which may have affected the results. After participating in the test, the subjects were compensated with two film tickets. 3.5 Data processing When examining multicollinearity, we noted that Pearson’s product-moment correlations did not exceed 0.9. The highest significant value was 0.61. The Shapiro- Wilk test indicated that some of the factors were not normally distributed. Normality corrections were performed, but they did not result in normal distributions. Therefore, the significant relationships revealed by the linear regression analyses were checked using the Spearman correlation as well. Independent analyses were performed because it was considered important to get area-specific results. Ingineria Iluminatului 2012; 14, 2: 33-46
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