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g' in which the weights
From the above listed aspects (2) is in the -focus o-f our interest, because it is not only applicable for calibration purposes with ground and remotely sensed data, but can be introduced as an expert system function in a GIS. Thematic accuracy have not only been neglected untill now in standard BIS products, but "intelligent map edition" may serve as a permanent temptation for constructing meaningless but nice graphic products from a very, limited number of samples. Even with sufficient data, accuracy as a function of location can be used as an overlay or auxilliary information in a GIS for data representation and/or for further processing (like scale chenges etc.), providing a quantitative cartographic tool for deeper understanding of spatial features. MAPS AND CONTOURS Once spatial data is constructed either by interpolation or remote sensing (or by both), thematic maps are generally derived. It is out of the scope of this paper to discuss classification and its accuracy in general, nevertheless, some notes should be made with regard to cartography. Figure 2. point data SAMPLING KRIGING spatial data CLASSIFICATION thematic map Error estimation at different stages of data processing (see text for details) 160
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Proceedings Eighth International Sy
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1987 by the American Society for Ph
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A NOTE ON THE FUTURE OF AUTO-CARTO
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Algorithms for spatial search or qu
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Research into electronic maps and a
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Sandhu, Jatinder 403 Shea, K. Stuar
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integration of the findings on tech
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departments of municipalities are p
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systems, similar cost reduction in
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exist here: it is rarely possible t
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REFERENCES Chris man, N. and Nieman
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THE USER PROFILE FOR DIGITAL CARTOG
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second is to reduce all lines to a
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OVERLAY PROCESSING IN SPATIAL INFOR
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digital terrain models, or magnetic
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(2-dimensional) or volumes (3-dimen
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whereas the lattice induced by spat
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5.2 Overlay Operation One of the mo
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permit the determination of the len
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more about the quality of the avail
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of the user interface and would res
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FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHI
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of continuous space (the model of A
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look like is transmitted through th
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(Sullivan and others, 1985). On the
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PRESCRIPTIONS To carry out the prin
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AN ADAPTIVE METHODOLOGY FOR AUTOMAT
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They reorganize available space and
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Global Filtering Basics: This filte
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If the geometry is determined throu
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SYSTEMATIC SELECTION OF VERY IMPORT
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Improvements The first improvement
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RESULTS ANALYSIS There are two test
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Figure 4. A TIN generated from VIP
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only or the most important one. Unt
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terrain surface, may have in corres
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Advantages of determining the Media
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egards points, only the endpoints o
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contours some measures of size and
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MEASURING THE DIMENSION OF SURFACES
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dimension of an entity, is constant
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terrain. In order to avoid a sampli
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APPLICATIONS TO DIGITAL ELEVATION M
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1.20 1.16 • D I M 1.12 E N S 1.06
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Stability of Map Topology and Robus
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The 0-cells in the usual topologica
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Notice in Figure 1 that the interme
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Algorithm for computing robustness
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We may sum the forces by a straight
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and computational algorithms, which
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The geopositioning model presented
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It should be noted that only the fr
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While Voronoi polygons have often b
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additional vector rotation about th
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inconsistency. The problem stems fr
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Chain Intersection Determining chai
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node(6,[h(l8),t(l9),t(24),h(21)]).
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Sliver Removal. We remove a sliver
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Little, J.J. and Peucker, T.K. 1979
Page 119 and 120: measured control points. In this pa
Page 121 and 122: TEST RESULTS For testing the above
Page 123 and 124: A SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM F
Page 125 and 126: data by time period, by category, a
Page 127 and 128: BASIC version of the PLACE suite re
Page 129 and 130: procedural language. The classifier
Page 131 and 132: FIGURE 1: SOFTWARE COMPONENTS FOR S
Page 133 and 134: Realistic Flow Analysis Using a Sim
Page 141 and 142: TIN FORMAT VS. MATRIX FORMAT The pr
Page 143 and 144: One of the major challenges involve
Page 145 and 146: Because TINFLOW is a PC-based GIS,
Page 147 and 148: Art; I DitH ot twin 1.1610 Strew He
Page 149 and 150: RATIONALE Gridded surface data sets
Page 151 and 152: 5. For each polygon, for each cell
Page 153 and 154: A mapping function was used to topo
Page 155 and 156: CONCLUSIONS This depression-finding
Page 157 and 158: Methods For spatial analusis The tw
Page 159 and 160: 1. Sampling to determine the sample
Page 161 and 162: A simcle multiscale model . Instead
Page 163 and 164: Complex multiscale models. The one-
Page 165 and 166: Mandelbrot, B.B., 198E. The Fractal
Page 167 and 168: A number of authors have proved the
Page 169: Once having the Fourier-transf arm
Page 173 and 174: A considerably large number of labo
Page 175 and 176: Oliver,M.A., R.Webster (1936) Semi-
Page 177 and 178: model can be used as the basis for
Page 179 and 180: ts phase space by analogy to phase
Page 181 and 182: Figure 3. Classified 64 by 64 raste
Page 183 and 184: in the delimitation of domains in p
Page 185 and 186: Mark, D.M. and Aronson, P.B. 1984,
Page 187 and 188: To make decisions about this world,
Page 189 and 190: Limitations inherent to the modeliz
Page 191 and 192: operations delimiting rights to the
Page 193 and 194: Uncertainty absorption is very diff
Page 195 and 196: Minsky, M. L. 1965, Matter, Minds,
Page 197 and 198: data, covering extremely large area
Page 199 and 200: Figure 1. a) Test data set with, tr
Page 201 and 202: Figure 2. Four pyramids - line segm
Page 203 and 204: convenient to consider grids to be
Page 205 and 206: REFERENCES Davis, J.C., 1973, Stati
Page 207 and 208: the data element, in this case an a
Page 209 and 210: EXPERIENCE WITH R-TREES IN A CIS LA
Page 211 and 212: REFERENCES Guttman, A. 1984, R-Tree
Page 213 and 214: World Shoreline Vectors Shoreline v
Page 215 and 216: Table 4. Applications of gridded el
Page 217 and 218: classes desired for a given applica
Page 219 and 220: Table 6. The impact of block size o
Page 221 and 222:
Jones, Christopher B. and Abraham,
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DISADVANTAGES OF A SINGLE COVERAGE
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faster and less complex than genera
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NOS detailed source data 20 meter r
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si '- /W^ ?f ? ( " ( I?
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REFERENCES Aronson P. and Morehouse
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with the purpose of optimizing geom
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purposes, the value 1/e may be thou
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V describing points/ / y/ B / /•*
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clarity, the number of describing p
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes t
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INTRODUCTION In any application of
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7T 0 — 7T X Hay River Figure 1: A
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0 — 7T Alluvial fan contour Figur
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Peucker, 1973) can be used here; th
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Mark, D. M., 1985, Fundamental spat
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•©—e—©—e- Figure 1.1: Spl
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SLAU- 9/1000 Figure 1.5: Results of
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t-0 I.I 7.4 /.6 1.8 2.0 Figure 2.1:
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THE TIGER STRUCTURE Christine Kinne
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to another tail record. There are f
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Since records are fixed length, a n
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areal data is stored, but additiona
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KEY TO SUBFILE ABBREVIATIONS (CONTI
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TOPOLOGICAL ENTITIES Corbett's topo
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TOPOLOGICAL RULES The preceding def
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File and the new linear feature ref
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Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) Sy
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of the boundary are found and corre
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CONCLUSION The GTUB routines have b
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SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT The least ef
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operations. The site and staff for
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RESULTS Table one shows the numeric
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would no longer have to determine a
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THE DATA BASE ADVANTAGE Most of the
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The major d
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the complexity o-f I/O processing.
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is on one and only one topological
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•features represented in the data
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intersection is -found -for this -f
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An easy implementation o-f spatial
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organisations most precious asset -
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no reason why we should not model t
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- A VERTEX identifies a unique spat
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to the organisation and indexing of
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the retrieval of data from the disp
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original goals, through design, and
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Contents and Queries Each geographi
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number of tables required. On the o
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generic, db-internal read/write/del
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we are guaranteed that each occurre
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The db bottlenecks we found were, f
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Bibliography [1] Date, C.J. 1983 -
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model is an object-oriented extensi
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SPECIALIZATIONS FOR SPATIAL DATA Th
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for each x in S, for each y in S if
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entity IMAGE PIXELS(IMAGE) - set of
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Orenstem, J.A. 1984, "A Class of Da
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understand the data model on which
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Internally, KGIS is implemented on
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AREA > 10; Spatial relationships be
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Once established, a GEOVIEW remains
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___________, 1985, THE USE OF SPATI
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• the cross sections, profiles an
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• Rigid and homogeneous ores can
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Borehole data \ Geologist's ^^ know
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Figure 3 : A Portion of the Ore Bod
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REFERENCES Baumgart, E.G. (1975) -
Page 358 and 359:
This paper is organized into five s
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yields the resulting table: Poly* 1
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tightly bound to the map; there is
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A partial example of the relational
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REFERENCES Chrisman N. and Niemann,
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GEOGRAPHIC DATABASE TOPOLOGY SPATIA
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of a coordinate in n-space, usually
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Airport refines Aviation; — This
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THE dbmap SYSTEM Donald F. Cooke Ge
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procedurally, like Pascal, FORTRAN
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een lassoed (and line-segments in o
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Figure 4 Result of Lasso Operation
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The goal of a DSS is to help decisi
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chosen structure must provide a mea
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First, a general schema diagram is
Page 388 and 389:
Hopkins, L.D., and Armstrong, M.P.
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******* DATABASE IDENTIFICATION AND
Page 392 and 393:
Because of these limitations, furth
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cannot share the data. A minicomput
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Historically the whole orientation
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To reach the stated goal of this pa
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mapping techniques conceptualized a
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The future skill level, and trainin
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€6€ COMPUTER SCIENTIST ELECTRIC
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U* '^ OUTPUT \ / REVIEWIM. CORRECTI
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We may conceptually divide a VNA in
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most interest for transmitting navi
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necessary) in such a display. This
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ENHANCEMENT AND TESTING OF A MICROC
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make maximum use of the limited, lo
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I Text Display Window (Toggle On/Of
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as well, using the PLINK86 Plus ove
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AN INTEGRATED PC BASED CIS FOR INST
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RAW DATA INPUT DATA BASE MAPh ANALY
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Figure 3. Example of output from SH
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Figure 8. CONTOUR of elevation on v
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Figure 11. COLOR map on printer of
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IDRISI : A COLLECTIVE GEOGRAPHIC AN
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felt to be negligible compared to t
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Although the IDRISI system was prim
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data file, and a second backwards t
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TABLE 1 : IDRISI PROGRAM MODULES IN
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CLASSLESS CHOROPLETH MAPPING WITH M
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polygon. The process of selecting s
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There are a number of places where
Page 448 and 449:
COMPUTER-ASSISTED TERRAIN ANALYSIS
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2. Input. A digitizing tablet to al
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terrain analysis data. Items 3. and
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Database Structure Currently, DMA-p
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RESULTS OF THE DANE COUNTY LAND REC
Page 458 and 459:
E. G.
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section maps of tax parcels maintai
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Public Land Survey System (PLSS) co
Page 464 and 465:
Sheets, Proc. ACSM, 1:153-161. Chri
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von Meyer, N.R. 1984b. Westport Ine
Page 468 and 469:
While meeting the above criteria pr
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oundary line. An example of the sam
Page 472 and 473:
Four groups of approximately thirty
Page 474 and 475:
LEGEND MULTIPLE BOUNDARIES STATE, C
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TABLE 2 shows that more respondents
Page 478 and 479:
What features are considered when d
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position is insignificant. Thus, th
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ASSESSING COMMUNITY VULNERABILITY T
Page 484 and 485:
Yale University was selected for st
Page 486 and 487:
distribution of hazardous materials
Page 488 and 489:
»++ 0000000001000OCCCOOOOOOCOOOOCO
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44* 444 444 ICO 9 CO 9CO to CO ECO
Page 492 and 493:
IMPROVEMENT OF GBF/DIME FILE COORDI
Page 494 and 495:
Establishment of Control Points In
Page 496 and 497:
transformation parameters for a par
Page 498 and 499:
of using a fixed set of transformat
Page 500 and 501:
vertex coordinates into exact corre
Page 502 and 503:
Friedman, J., Baskett, F. and Shust
Page 504 and 505:
and small freehold land. It does no
Page 506 and 507:
The next step in the planning proce
Page 508 and 509:
TSO on UNB's IBM 3090 mainframe com
Page 510 and 511:
3. Kettela, E.G. 1975. Aerial spray
Page 512 and 513:
The integration of developing techn
Page 514 and 515:
and photographic processes are used
Page 516 and 517:
Figure 4 EXAMPLE OF PUBLISHED FIRM
Page 518 and 519:
EXAMPLE OF COMPUTER-GENERATED FIRM
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Federal Emergency Mana
Page 522 and 523:
more detailed introduction to exper
Page 524 and 525:
MAPEX is a rule-based system for au
Page 526 and 527:
discrimination nets, Click et al (1
Page 528 and 529:
example, FES (Goldberg et al, 1984.
Page 530 and 531:
Pereira, L.M., P. Sabatier, and E.
Page 532 and 533:
e flexible enough to address a wide
Page 534 and 535:
intermediate hypotheses are "posted
Page 536 and 537:
All cited rules become part of the
Page 538 and 539:
The Geographic Information System L
Page 540 and 541:
geographic knowledge system applies
Page 542 and 543:
In view of this it is not suprising
Page 544 and 545:
placement, the main area of cartogr
Page 546 and 547:
EXPERT SYSTEM INTERFACE TO A GEOGRA
Page 548 and 549:
ASPENEX automates the analysis of s
Page 550 and 551:
Rule-Base Creation SYSTEM OPERATION
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the rulebase created by the aspen e
Page 554 and 555:
AUTOMOBILE NAVIGATION IN THE PAST E
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oadside equipment to provide equipp
Page 558 and 559:
algorithm and provides step-by-step
Page 560 and 561:
DRIVER INPUTS • DESTINA1ION • R
Page 562 and 563:
Vehicular Technology Conference, 35
Page 564 and 565:
Map retrieval is also crucial to na
Page 566 and 567:
elative coordinate accuracy is very
Page 568 and 569:
destination does not require knowin
Page 570 and 571:
PRESENTATION The extremes of styles
Page 572 and 573:
REFERENCES Ashkenazi, V. 1986, Coor
Page 574 and 575:
decision-making, learning, and natu
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that these travellers felt that wri
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e weak, if present at all. Since ma
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Figure 2: An example of a distorted
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directions were produced in real ti
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 1. Concept of an Automatic V
Page 586 and 587:
AVL COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
Page 588 and 589:
OUTPUT FACILITIES V7MIC1Z «IflT KA
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need extensive customizing. This cu
Page 592 and 593:
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE WITH AVL 2000
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research has b
Page 596 and 597:
separate AVL system is needed (spec
Page 598 and 599:
Sources Two plausible sources of a
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o t=z ATTRIBUTE RELATIONSHIP ENTITY
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(a) optimal route between the pair
Page 604 and 605:
REFERENCES Cooke, D.F., Vehicle Nav
Page 606 and 607:
THE BBC DOMESDAY SYSTEM: A NATION-W
Page 608 and 609:
which are not commonplace: it permi
Page 610 and 611:
Geochenrstrj Climate VNater fiature
Page 612 and 613:
(ii) measure area and distance in m
Page 614 and 615:
Rhind D.W. and Mounsey H.M. (1986).
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language expression. One of the mot
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This process begins from a position
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E(l(k)) be the expectation of I ( k
Page 622 and 623:
There are several approaches to con
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In this paper we will discuss preml
Page 626 and 627:
Table 2. Length of Sessions and The
Page 628 and 629:
Table 5. Fuzzy Membership Values fo
Page 630 and 631:
Table 7. Results of Zimraermann's M
Page 632 and 633:
Chamberlain, D.D. and R.F. Boyce. 1
Page 634 and 635:
ACCESSING LARGE SPATIAL DATA BASES
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WORKSTATION #2 1 - IBM-AT; 640K, 20
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RECORD 1 —— coordinates 1-256 f
Page 640 and 641:
Future developments include the pol
Page 642 and 643:
Once features of two coverages have
Page 644 and 645:
Figure 3a Partial street network co
Page 646 and 647:
Figure 3e Coverages aligned with 50
Page 648 and 649:
Solving the Feature Matching Proble
Page 650 and 651:
References Chen, Z. and A. Guevara,
Page 652 and 653:
determined that a conversion of dra
Page 654 and 655:
PAT GRP NUM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Page 656 and 657:
various raster and vector operation
Page 658 and 659:
Figure 4a - Portion of scan-digitiz
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the set of points. This will introd
Page 662 and 663:
which represents the terrain by a t
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leaf for 4 and 5). Chen and Tobler
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fixed polynomial order for each run
Page 668 and 669:
RESULTS As noted above, the program
Page 670 and 671:
REFERENCES Chen, Z.-T., and Tobler,
Page 672 and 673:
Shortcomings in Existing Raster-to-
Page 674 and 675:
Template design parameters are base
Page 676 and 677:
RESULTS REPORT type RESULTS REPORT
Page 678 and 679:
Significance of the AFT Technology
Page 680 and 681:
REFERENCES Antell, R.E. (1983), "Th
Page 682 and 683:
Grid systems do not permit vertical
Page 684 and 685:
SCHEMA structures an urban model ar
Page 686 and 687:
The second data structure regards t
Page 688 and 689:
The resulting polygon "hole" is the
Page 690 and 691:
REFERENCES Brassel, Kurt E., and Do
Page 692 and 693:
The link between these two bodies o
Page 694 and 695:
The same technique of Fourier analy
Page 696 and 697:
The similarities between this and t
Page 698 and 699:
In many respects, a terrain model c
Page 700 and 701:
AN ALGORITHM FOR LOCATING , CANDIDA
Page 702 and 703:
The left and right boundaries of a
Page 704 and 705:
limits. The overall problem of gene
Page 706 and 707:
To find the cluster limits, the sim
Page 708 and 709:
next box. The entry (m = s) is ther
Page 710 and 711:
Figure 3.-Portion of test data set
Page 712 and 713:
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE WITH A MAP LAB
Page 714 and 715:
£ X lfk = 1 k=1,2,...,K. (1) i If
Page 716 and 717:
Deleted Labels The optimization alg
Page 718 and 719:
Figure 2. Point Symbol Labels With
Page 720 and 721:
AUTOMATIC RECOGNITION AND RESOLUTIO
Page 722 and 723:
FUNCTION REQUIRED l)ls a point on a
Page 724 and 725:
distance by finding the square root
Page 726 and 727:
Proportional Radial Enlargement As
Page 728 and 729:
distribution). If the thresholds ar
Page 730 and 731:
CALCULATING BISECTOR SKELETONS USIN
Page 732 and 733:
Thiessen centroid than to any other
Page 734 and 735:
there are exactlv n boundary skelet
Page 736 and 737:
AREA MATCHING IN RASTER MODE UPDATI
Page 738 and 739:
THE AREA MATCHING PROCESS This proc
Page 740 and 741:
defaults are made of very short seg
Page 742 and 743:
POLYGONIZATION AND TOPOLOGICAL EDIT
Page 744 and 745:
If no label exists between the chai
Page 746 and 747:
these internal (non-boundary) chain
Page 748 and 749:
However, a cartographic database ne
Page 750 and 751:
"WYSIWYG" MAP DIGITIZING: REAL TIME
Page 752 and 753:
with tolerance circles such that it
Page 754 and 755:
CONCLUSION For many years a major i
Page 756 and 757:
implementation methodology and the
Page 758 and 759:
SPLIT SCREEN o o oo SIDE BY SIDE o
Page 760 and 761:
determined applicability aided by s
Page 762 and 763:
the 384 LPI resolution patch used t
Page 764 and 765:
TESTING A PROTOTYPE SPATIAL DATA EX
Page 766 and 767:
2. An Overview of MAPS The MAPS spa
Page 768 and 769:
containment tree can be used to eff
Page 770 and 771:
ROLE: BUILDING UNKNOWN MEDICAL CENT
Page 772 and 773:
and the segment direction within ea
Page 774:
seg : nodes: points south west: 20.
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