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TABLE OF CONTENTS Basic requirements of digital systems Multi-purpose land information systems: technical, economic and institutional issues _______________________________1 v^ Kenneth Dueker The user profile for digital cartographic data _________________12 Ray Boyle Overlay processing in spatial information systems _______________16 Andrew Frank Fundamental principles of geographic information systems __________32 I/" Nicholas Chrisman Models of terrain An adaptive methodology for automated relief generalization ________42 Robert Weibel Systematic selection of very important points (VIP) from digital terrain models for constructing triangular irregular networks ______________50 Zi-Tan Chen and J. Armando Guevara Fitting a triangulation to contour lines ___________________57 Albert Christensen Measuring the dimension of surfaces: a review and appraisal of different methods 68 Andre Roy, Ginette Gravel and Celine Gauthier Numerical representation for coordinate data Stability of map topology and robustness of map geometry __________78 Alan Saalfeld tflPPARCHUS geopositioning model: an overview ______________87 Hrvoje Lukatela A polygon overlay system in Prolog ____________________97 W. Randolph Franklin and Peter Wu Coordinate transformations in map digitizing ________________107 Wolfgang Kainz Analytical modelling applications A spatial decision support system for locational planning: design, implementation and operation __________________112 Paul Densham and Marc Armstrong Realistic flow analysis using a simple network model ___________122 William Moreland and Anthony Lupien A geographic information system utilizing the triangulated irregular network as a basis for hydrologic modeling __________________129 Andrew Silfer, Gerald Kinn and James Hassett Methods and applications in surface depression analysis ___________137 Susan Jenson and Charles Trautwein Models of spatial error Multiple sources of spatial variation and how to deal with them _______145 Peter Burrough Mapping the spatial variability of soils: a cartographer's approach _____155 Ferenc Csillag A model of error for choropleth maps, with applications to geographic information systems __________________165 Michael Goodchild and Odette Dubuc Uncertainties in land information systems databases ______________175 Yvan Bedard VII
Algorithms for spatial search or query Spatial ordering of Voronoi networks and their uses in terrain database mangagement ___________________ 185 Christopher Gold The use of range-tree spatial indexing to speed GIS data retrieval ______195 Bruce Blackwell Formatting geographic data to enhance manipulability ___________201 Gail Langran and Barbara Buttenfield Generalization and scale changing How to survive on a single detailed database _______________211 Kate Beard Optimum point density and compaction rates for the representation of geographic lines _____________________________221 Jean-Claude Muller The psi-s plot: a useful representation for digital cartographic lines _____231 Michael O'Neill, and David Mark Perfecting automatic line drawing _______________________241 Kurt Kubik and Joseph Loon TIGER developments The TIGER structure ____________________________249 Christine Kinnear Topology in the TIGER file ________________________25 8 Gerard Boudriault Maintenance of geographic structure files at the Bureau of the Census ____264 Terence McDowell, David Meixler, P. Rosenson, and Beverly Davis Estimating production parameters for large volume automated mapping on a raster plotter ___________________________270 Thomas Wanie Database architecture , Desirable characteristics of a spatial database management system _______278 * Stephen Guptill TIGRIS: topologically integrated geographic information system _______282 John Herring / An integrated DBMS approach for geographic information systems ______292 * Michael Bundock > Developing a DBMS for Geographic Information: a review __________302 '/ Gerald Charlwood, George Moon and John Tulip Geographic information processing in the PROBE database system _____316 ^ Frank Manola, Jack Orenstein and Umeshwar Dayal Geographic information processing using a SQL-based query language ___326 Kevin Ingram and William Phillips An information system for geosciences: design considerations ________336 Marines Kavouras and Salem Masry Attribute handling for geographic information systems ___________346 Peter Aronson A geographic database system _______________________356 'f Willem van Biljon The dbmap system _______________________363 * Donald Cooke and Beman Dawes Design and implementation of microcomputer based water resources decision support systems _________________________370 Marc Armstrong VIM
Page 1 and 2: Proceedings Eighth International Sy
Page 3 and 4: 1987 by the American Society for Ph
Page 5: A NOTE ON THE FUTURE OF AUTO-CARTO
Page 9 and 10: Research into electronic maps and a
Page 11 and 12: Sandhu, Jatinder 403 Shea, K. Stuar
Page 13 and 14: integration of the findings on tech
Page 15 and 16: departments of municipalities are p
Page 17 and 18: systems, similar cost reduction in
Page 19 and 20: exist here: it is rarely possible t
Page 21 and 22: REFERENCES Chris man, N. and Nieman
Page 23 and 24: THE USER PROFILE FOR DIGITAL CARTOG
Page 25 and 26: second is to reduce all lines to a
Page 27 and 28: OVERLAY PROCESSING IN SPATIAL INFOR
Page 29 and 30: digital terrain models, or magnetic
Page 31 and 32: (2-dimensional) or volumes (3-dimen
Page 33 and 34: whereas the lattice induced by spat
Page 35 and 36: 5.2 Overlay Operation One of the mo
Page 37 and 38: permit the determination of the len
Page 39 and 40: more about the quality of the avail
Page 41 and 42: of the user interface and would res
Page 43 and 44: FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHI
Page 45 and 46: of continuous space (the model of A
Page 47 and 48: look like is transmitted through th
Page 49 and 50: (Sullivan and others, 1985). On the
Page 51 and 52: PRESCRIPTIONS To carry out the prin
Page 53 and 54: AN ADAPTIVE METHODOLOGY FOR AUTOMAT
Page 55 and 56: They reorganize available space and
Page 57 and 58:
Global Filtering Basics: This filte
Page 59 and 60:
If the geometry is determined throu
Page 61 and 62:
SYSTEMATIC SELECTION OF VERY IMPORT
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Improvements The first improvement
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RESULTS ANALYSIS There are two test
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Figure 4. A TIN generated from VIP
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only or the most important one. Unt
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terrain surface, may have in corres
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Advantages of determining the Media
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egards points, only the endpoints o
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contours some measures of size and
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MEASURING THE DIMENSION OF SURFACES
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dimension of an entity, is constant
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terrain. In order to avoid a sampli
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APPLICATIONS TO DIGITAL ELEVATION M
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1.20 1.16 • D I M 1.12 E N S 1.06
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Stability of Map Topology and Robus
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The 0-cells in the usual topologica
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Notice in Figure 1 that the interme
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Algorithm for computing robustness
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We may sum the forces by a straight
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and computational algorithms, which
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The geopositioning model presented
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It should be noted that only the fr
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While Voronoi polygons have often b
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additional vector rotation about th
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inconsistency. The problem stems fr
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Chain Intersection Determining chai
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node(6,[h(l8),t(l9),t(24),h(21)]).
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Sliver Removal. We remove a sliver
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Little, J.J. and Peucker, T.K. 1979
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measured control points. In this pa
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TEST RESULTS For testing the above
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A SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM F
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data by time period, by category, a
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BASIC version of the PLACE suite re
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procedural language. The classifier
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FIGURE 1: SOFTWARE COMPONENTS FOR S
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Realistic Flow Analysis Using a Sim
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Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
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TIN FORMAT VS. MATRIX FORMAT The pr
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One of the major challenges involve
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Because TINFLOW is a PC-based GIS,
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Art; I DitH ot twin 1.1610 Strew He
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RATIONALE Gridded surface data sets
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5. For each polygon, for each cell
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A mapping function was used to topo
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CONCLUSIONS This depression-finding
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Methods For spatial analusis The tw
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1. Sampling to determine the sample
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A simcle multiscale model . Instead
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Complex multiscale models. The one-
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Mandelbrot, B.B., 198E. The Fractal
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A number of authors have proved the
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Once having the Fourier-transf arm
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From the above listed aspects (2) i
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A considerably large number of labo
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Oliver,M.A., R.Webster (1936) Semi-
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model can be used as the basis for
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ts phase space by analogy to phase
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Figure 3. Classified 64 by 64 raste
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in the delimitation of domains in p
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Mark, D.M. and Aronson, P.B. 1984,
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To make decisions about this world,
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Limitations inherent to the modeliz
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operations delimiting rights to the
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Uncertainty absorption is very diff
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Minsky, M. L. 1965, Matter, Minds,
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data, covering extremely large area
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Figure 1. a) Test data set with, tr
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Figure 2. Four pyramids - line segm
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convenient to consider grids to be
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REFERENCES Davis, J.C., 1973, Stati
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the data element, in this case an a
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EXPERIENCE WITH R-TREES IN A CIS LA
Page 211 and 212:
REFERENCES Guttman, A. 1984, R-Tree
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World Shoreline Vectors Shoreline v
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Table 4. Applications of gridded el
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classes desired for a given applica
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Table 6. The impact of block size o
Page 221 and 222:
Jones, Christopher B. and Abraham,
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DISADVANTAGES OF A SINGLE COVERAGE
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faster and less complex than genera
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NOS detailed source data 20 meter r
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si '- /W^ ?f ? ( " ( I?
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REFERENCES Aronson P. and Morehouse
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with the purpose of optimizing geom
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purposes, the value 1/e may be thou
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V describing points/ / y/ B / /•*
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clarity, the number of describing p
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes t
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INTRODUCTION In any application of
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7T 0 — 7T X Hay River Figure 1: A
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0 — 7T Alluvial fan contour Figur
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Peucker, 1973) can be used here; th
Page 251 and 252:
Mark, D. M., 1985, Fundamental spat
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•©—e—©—e- Figure 1.1: Spl
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SLAU- 9/1000 Figure 1.5: Results of
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t-0 I.I 7.4 /.6 1.8 2.0 Figure 2.1:
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THE TIGER STRUCTURE Christine Kinne
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to another tail record. There are f
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Since records are fixed length, a n
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areal data is stored, but additiona
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KEY TO SUBFILE ABBREVIATIONS (CONTI
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TOPOLOGICAL ENTITIES Corbett's topo
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TOPOLOGICAL RULES The preceding def
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File and the new linear feature ref
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Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) Sy
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of the boundary are found and corre
Page 280 and 281:
CONCLUSION The GTUB routines have b
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SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT The least ef
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operations. The site and staff for
Page 286 and 287:
RESULTS Table one shows the numeric
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would no longer have to determine a
Page 290 and 291:
THE DATA BASE ADVANTAGE Most of the
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The major d
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the complexity o-f I/O processing.
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is on one and only one topological
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•features represented in the data
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intersection is -found -for this -f
Page 302 and 303:
An easy implementation o-f spatial
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organisations most precious asset -
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no reason why we should not model t
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- A VERTEX identifies a unique spat
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to the organisation and indexing of
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the retrieval of data from the disp
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original goals, through design, and
Page 316 and 317:
Contents and Queries Each geographi
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number of tables required. On the o
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generic, db-internal read/write/del
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we are guaranteed that each occurre
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The db bottlenecks we found were, f
Page 326 and 327:
Bibliography [1] Date, C.J. 1983 -
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model is an object-oriented extensi
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SPECIALIZATIONS FOR SPATIAL DATA Th
Page 332 and 333:
for each x in S, for each y in S if
Page 334 and 335:
entity IMAGE PIXELS(IMAGE) - set of
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Orenstem, J.A. 1984, "A Class of Da
Page 338 and 339:
understand the data model on which
Page 340 and 341:
Internally, KGIS is implemented on
Page 342 and 343:
AREA > 10; Spatial relationships be
Page 344 and 345:
Once established, a GEOVIEW remains
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___________, 1985, THE USE OF SPATI
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• the cross sections, profiles an
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• Rigid and homogeneous ores can
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Borehole data \ Geologist's ^^ know
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Figure 3 : A Portion of the Ore Bod
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REFERENCES Baumgart, E.G. (1975) -
Page 358 and 359:
This paper is organized into five s
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yields the resulting table: Poly* 1
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tightly bound to the map; there is
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A partial example of the relational
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REFERENCES Chrisman N. and Niemann,
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GEOGRAPHIC DATABASE TOPOLOGY SPATIA
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of a coordinate in n-space, usually
Page 372 and 373:
Airport refines Aviation; — This
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THE dbmap SYSTEM Donald F. Cooke Ge
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procedurally, like Pascal, FORTRAN
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een lassoed (and line-segments in o
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Figure 4 Result of Lasso Operation
Page 382 and 383:
The goal of a DSS is to help decisi
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chosen structure must provide a mea
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First, a general schema diagram is
Page 388 and 389:
Hopkins, L.D., and Armstrong, M.P.
Page 390 and 391:
******* DATABASE IDENTIFICATION AND
Page 392 and 393:
Because of these limitations, furth
Page 394 and 395:
cannot share the data. A minicomput
Page 396 and 397:
Historically the whole orientation
Page 398 and 399:
To reach the stated goal of this pa
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mapping techniques conceptualized a
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The future skill level, and trainin
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€6€ COMPUTER SCIENTIST ELECTRIC
Page 406 and 407:
U* '^ OUTPUT \ / REVIEWIM. CORRECTI
Page 408 and 409:
We may conceptually divide a VNA in
Page 410 and 411:
most interest for transmitting navi
Page 412 and 413:
necessary) in such a display. This
Page 414 and 415:
ENHANCEMENT AND TESTING OF A MICROC
Page 416 and 417:
make maximum use of the limited, lo
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I Text Display Window (Toggle On/Of
Page 420 and 421:
as well, using the PLINK86 Plus ove
Page 422 and 423:
AN INTEGRATED PC BASED CIS FOR INST
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RAW DATA INPUT DATA BASE MAPh ANALY
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Figure 3. Example of output from SH
Page 428 and 429:
Figure 8. CONTOUR of elevation on v
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Figure 11. COLOR map on printer of
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IDRISI : A COLLECTIVE GEOGRAPHIC AN
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felt to be negligible compared to t
Page 436 and 437:
Although the IDRISI system was prim
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data file, and a second backwards t
Page 440 and 441:
TABLE 1 : IDRISI PROGRAM MODULES IN
Page 442 and 443:
CLASSLESS CHOROPLETH MAPPING WITH M
Page 444 and 445:
polygon. The process of selecting s
Page 446 and 447:
There are a number of places where
Page 448 and 449:
COMPUTER-ASSISTED TERRAIN ANALYSIS
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2. Input. A digitizing tablet to al
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terrain analysis data. Items 3. and
Page 454 and 455:
Database Structure Currently, DMA-p
Page 456 and 457:
RESULTS OF THE DANE COUNTY LAND REC
Page 458 and 459:
E. G.
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section maps of tax parcels maintai
Page 462 and 463:
Public Land Survey System (PLSS) co
Page 464 and 465:
Sheets, Proc. ACSM, 1:153-161. Chri
Page 466 and 467:
von Meyer, N.R. 1984b. Westport Ine
Page 468 and 469:
While meeting the above criteria pr
Page 470 and 471:
oundary line. An example of the sam
Page 472 and 473:
Four groups of approximately thirty
Page 474 and 475:
LEGEND MULTIPLE BOUNDARIES STATE, C
Page 476 and 477:
TABLE 2 shows that more respondents
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What features are considered when d
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position is insignificant. Thus, th
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ASSESSING COMMUNITY VULNERABILITY T
Page 484 and 485:
Yale University was selected for st
Page 486 and 487:
distribution of hazardous materials
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»++ 0000000001000OCCCOOOOOOCOOOOCO
Page 490 and 491:
44* 444 444 ICO 9 CO 9CO to CO ECO
Page 492 and 493:
IMPROVEMENT OF GBF/DIME FILE COORDI
Page 494 and 495:
Establishment of Control Points In
Page 496 and 497:
transformation parameters for a par
Page 498 and 499:
of using a fixed set of transformat
Page 500 and 501:
vertex coordinates into exact corre
Page 502 and 503:
Friedman, J., Baskett, F. and Shust
Page 504 and 505:
and small freehold land. It does no
Page 506 and 507:
The next step in the planning proce
Page 508 and 509:
TSO on UNB's IBM 3090 mainframe com
Page 510 and 511:
3. Kettela, E.G. 1975. Aerial spray
Page 512 and 513:
The integration of developing techn
Page 514 and 515:
and photographic processes are used
Page 516 and 517:
Figure 4 EXAMPLE OF PUBLISHED FIRM
Page 518 and 519:
EXAMPLE OF COMPUTER-GENERATED FIRM
Page 520 and 521:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Federal Emergency Mana
Page 522 and 523:
more detailed introduction to exper
Page 524 and 525:
MAPEX is a rule-based system for au
Page 526 and 527:
discrimination nets, Click et al (1
Page 528 and 529:
example, FES (Goldberg et al, 1984.
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Pereira, L.M., P. Sabatier, and E.
Page 532 and 533:
e flexible enough to address a wide
Page 534 and 535:
intermediate hypotheses are "posted
Page 536 and 537:
All cited rules become part of the
Page 538 and 539:
The Geographic Information System L
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geographic knowledge system applies
Page 542 and 543:
In view of this it is not suprising
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placement, the main area of cartogr
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EXPERT SYSTEM INTERFACE TO A GEOGRA
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ASPENEX automates the analysis of s
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Rule-Base Creation SYSTEM OPERATION
Page 552 and 553:
the rulebase created by the aspen e
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AUTOMOBILE NAVIGATION IN THE PAST E
Page 556 and 557:
oadside equipment to provide equipp
Page 558 and 559:
algorithm and provides step-by-step
Page 560 and 561:
DRIVER INPUTS • DESTINA1ION • R
Page 562 and 563:
Vehicular Technology Conference, 35
Page 564 and 565:
Map retrieval is also crucial to na
Page 566 and 567:
elative coordinate accuracy is very
Page 568 and 569:
destination does not require knowin
Page 570 and 571:
PRESENTATION The extremes of styles
Page 572 and 573:
REFERENCES Ashkenazi, V. 1986, Coor
Page 574 and 575:
decision-making, learning, and natu
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that these travellers felt that wri
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e weak, if present at all. Since ma
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Figure 2: An example of a distorted
Page 582 and 583:
directions were produced in real ti
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 1. Concept of an Automatic V
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AVL COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
Page 588 and 589:
OUTPUT FACILITIES V7MIC1Z «IflT KA
Page 590 and 591:
need extensive customizing. This cu
Page 592 and 593:
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE WITH AVL 2000
Page 594 and 595:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research has b
Page 596 and 597:
separate AVL system is needed (spec
Page 598 and 599:
Sources Two plausible sources of a
Page 600 and 601:
o t=z ATTRIBUTE RELATIONSHIP ENTITY
Page 602 and 603:
(a) optimal route between the pair
Page 604 and 605:
REFERENCES Cooke, D.F., Vehicle Nav
Page 606 and 607:
THE BBC DOMESDAY SYSTEM: A NATION-W
Page 608 and 609:
which are not commonplace: it permi
Page 610 and 611:
Geochenrstrj Climate VNater fiature
Page 612 and 613:
(ii) measure area and distance in m
Page 614 and 615:
Rhind D.W. and Mounsey H.M. (1986).
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language expression. One of the mot
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This process begins from a position
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E(l(k)) be the expectation of I ( k
Page 622 and 623:
There are several approaches to con
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In this paper we will discuss preml
Page 626 and 627:
Table 2. Length of Sessions and The
Page 628 and 629:
Table 5. Fuzzy Membership Values fo
Page 630 and 631:
Table 7. Results of Zimraermann's M
Page 632 and 633:
Chamberlain, D.D. and R.F. Boyce. 1
Page 634 and 635:
ACCESSING LARGE SPATIAL DATA BASES
Page 636 and 637:
WORKSTATION #2 1 - IBM-AT; 640K, 20
Page 638 and 639:
RECORD 1 —— coordinates 1-256 f
Page 640 and 641:
Future developments include the pol
Page 642 and 643:
Once features of two coverages have
Page 644 and 645:
Figure 3a Partial street network co
Page 646 and 647:
Figure 3e Coverages aligned with 50
Page 648 and 649:
Solving the Feature Matching Proble
Page 650 and 651:
References Chen, Z. and A. Guevara,
Page 652 and 653:
determined that a conversion of dra
Page 654 and 655:
PAT GRP NUM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Page 656 and 657:
various raster and vector operation
Page 658 and 659:
Figure 4a - Portion of scan-digitiz
Page 660 and 661:
the set of points. This will introd
Page 662 and 663:
which represents the terrain by a t
Page 664 and 665:
leaf for 4 and 5). Chen and Tobler
Page 666 and 667:
fixed polynomial order for each run
Page 668 and 669:
RESULTS As noted above, the program
Page 670 and 671:
REFERENCES Chen, Z.-T., and Tobler,
Page 672 and 673:
Shortcomings in Existing Raster-to-
Page 674 and 675:
Template design parameters are base
Page 676 and 677:
RESULTS REPORT type RESULTS REPORT
Page 678 and 679:
Significance of the AFT Technology
Page 680 and 681:
REFERENCES Antell, R.E. (1983), "Th
Page 682 and 683:
Grid systems do not permit vertical
Page 684 and 685:
SCHEMA structures an urban model ar
Page 686 and 687:
The second data structure regards t
Page 688 and 689:
The resulting polygon "hole" is the
Page 690 and 691:
REFERENCES Brassel, Kurt E., and Do
Page 692 and 693:
The link between these two bodies o
Page 694 and 695:
The same technique of Fourier analy
Page 696 and 697:
The similarities between this and t
Page 698 and 699:
In many respects, a terrain model c
Page 700 and 701:
AN ALGORITHM FOR LOCATING , CANDIDA
Page 702 and 703:
The left and right boundaries of a
Page 704 and 705:
limits. The overall problem of gene
Page 706 and 707:
To find the cluster limits, the sim
Page 708 and 709:
next box. The entry (m = s) is ther
Page 710 and 711:
Figure 3.-Portion of test data set
Page 712 and 713:
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE WITH A MAP LAB
Page 714 and 715:
£ X lfk = 1 k=1,2,...,K. (1) i If
Page 716 and 717:
Deleted Labels The optimization alg
Page 718 and 719:
Figure 2. Point Symbol Labels With
Page 720 and 721:
AUTOMATIC RECOGNITION AND RESOLUTIO
Page 722 and 723:
FUNCTION REQUIRED l)ls a point on a
Page 724 and 725:
distance by finding the square root
Page 726 and 727:
Proportional Radial Enlargement As
Page 728 and 729:
distribution). If the thresholds ar
Page 730 and 731:
CALCULATING BISECTOR SKELETONS USIN
Page 732 and 733:
Thiessen centroid than to any other
Page 734 and 735:
there are exactlv n boundary skelet
Page 736 and 737:
AREA MATCHING IN RASTER MODE UPDATI
Page 738 and 739:
THE AREA MATCHING PROCESS This proc
Page 740 and 741:
defaults are made of very short seg
Page 742 and 743:
POLYGONIZATION AND TOPOLOGICAL EDIT
Page 744 and 745:
If no label exists between the chai
Page 746 and 747:
these internal (non-boundary) chain
Page 748 and 749:
However, a cartographic database ne
Page 750 and 751:
"WYSIWYG" MAP DIGITIZING: REAL TIME
Page 752 and 753:
with tolerance circles such that it
Page 754 and 755:
CONCLUSION For many years a major i
Page 756 and 757:
implementation methodology and the
Page 758 and 759:
SPLIT SCREEN o o oo SIDE BY SIDE o
Page 760 and 761:
determined applicability aided by s
Page 762 and 763:
the 384 LPI resolution patch used t
Page 764 and 765:
TESTING A PROTOTYPE SPATIAL DATA EX
Page 766 and 767:
2. An Overview of MAPS The MAPS spa
Page 768 and 769:
containment tree can be used to eff
Page 770 and 771:
ROLE: BUILDING UNKNOWN MEDICAL CENT
Page 772 and 773:
and the segment direction within ea
Page 774:
seg : nodes: points south west: 20.
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